WOMEN in Agriculture in Pakistan Authors Ms Durre Samee Dr Farhana Nosheen Mr Haq Nawaz Khan Dr Imdad Ali Khowaja Dr Khalida Jamali Dr Parvez Iqbal Paracha Dr Shahnaz Akhtar Dr Zahira Batool Ms Zohra Khanum FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Islamabad, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its IURQWLHUVRUERXQGDULHV7KHPHQWLRQRIVSHFLÀFFRPSDQLHVRUSURGXFWVRIPDQXIDFWXUHUV whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. 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Editorial Design: NFdezine Table of Contents iv List of Tables and Figures v List of Authors and Contributors vi Foreword by the Federal Minister of National Food Security and Research vii Foreword by FAO Representative Pakistan viii Acknowledgements ix Acronyms xi Executive Summary 1 Introduction 8 Women in Agriculture in Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK) 30 Women in Agriculture in Balochistan 52 Women in Agriculture in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) 64 Women in Agriculture in Gilgit Baltistan (GB) 88 Women in Agriculture in Khyber Paktunkhwa (KP) 100 Women in Agriculture in Punjab 120 Women in Agriculture in Sindh 134 Conclusions iii List of Tables and Figures Azad Jammu and Kashmir 12 Table 1: Role and responsibilities of women, men, boys and girls in rural agriculture 7DEOH*HQGHU3URÀOLQJRQDFFHVVWRDQGFRQWURORYHUUHVRXUFHV 22 Figure 1: Low income and Malnutrition Cycle Balochistan 40 Table 1: Distribution of tasks among women, men and children 42 Table 2: Seasonal work tasks of women Gilgit Baltistan 69 Table 1: Gender division of Labour Matrix 70 Table 2: Gender distribution of labour in Cereal Crop Production 73 Table 3: Gender distribution of labour in Irrigation 76 Table 4: Gender distribution of labour in Fruit Production 78 Table 5: Gender distribution of labour in Livestock 79 Table 6: Gender distribution of labour in Poultry Farming 79 Table 7: Gender distribution of labour in Wool Management 81 Table 8: Gender distribution of labour in Forestry Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 92 Table 1: Women’s Perceived role in crop production in KP 94 Table 2: Women’s Perceived Role in Livestock in KP Sindh 123 Table 1: Allocation of rural Women’s time in Cotton and Rice Production 124 Table 2: Ranking of Rural women’s participation in Crop Production 125 Table 3: Participation of rural women in Livestock Activities 125 Table 4: Ranking of Rural Women’s Participation in Livestock Activities 126 Table 5: Allocation of Rural Women time in Household Activities 127 Table 6: Ranking of Rural Women Household Activities 129 Table 7: View of the Rural Women respondents regarding behaviour of Landlords 130 Table 8: Information Sources 130 Table 9: Ranking of the Information Source iv List of Authors and Contributors Authors Ms Durre Samee Dr Khalida Jamali Deputy Director Visiting Professor Department of Agriculture, Balochistan, Pakistan Department of Economics University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Dr Farhana Nosheen Assistant Professor Dr Parvez Iqbal Paracha Institute of Home Economics Visiting Professor Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Department of Human Nutrition University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan Mr Haq Nawaz Khan Director General Dr Shahnaz Akhtar Extension Services Management Academy (ESMA), Professor of Economics Garhi Dopatta, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan Institute of Development Studies University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan Dr Imdad Ali Khowaja Assistant Professor Dr Zahira Batool Department of Economics Associate Professor University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan Department of Sociology Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan Ms Zohra Khanum Freelance Consultant Contributors Mr Aazar Bhandara Mr Nasar Hayat Consultant , FAO Representation OfƓce, Pakistan Assistant Representative (Programmes) FAO Representation OfƓce, Pakistan Dr Iftikhar Ahmad Chairman Dr Nomeena Anis Pakistan Agriculture Research Council (PARC), Nutritionist and Gender Focal Person Islamabad, Pakistan FAO Representation OfƓce, Pakistan Ms Rosa Rola Senior Agro Industries and Post Harvest OfƓcer FAO Regional OfƓce for Asia and the PaciƓc Bangkok, Thailand v Foreword ,Q3DNLVWDQZRPHQPDNHVLJQLÀFDQWFRQWULEXWLRQWRDJULFXOWXUH production, processing, and marketing. Still they face formidable obstacles to their potential role as a major economic and social force in the development of the agricultural sector. Among the problems that constrain the development of women’s potential are heavy workloads, lack of access to factors of production (land, credit, water, technology), lack of training opportunities and access to advisory services. There are additional FRQVWUDLQWVVXFKDVSRRUDQGLQHIÀFLHQWVWRUDJHODFNRIFROG chain, weak transport and marketing mechanisms, which further affects their income. Sikandar Hayat Khan Bosan Federal Minister of National Policy makers are aware that there is a need to improve role of Food Security and Research, women in Pakistan’s economic and agriculture development but Government of Pakistan still much needs to be done. Contribution of women to agricultural development should be PD[LPLVHGE\LPSOHPHQWLQJVROXWLRQVWRWKHVSHFLÀFVRFLDO economic, legal, and cultural problems they encounter. Attention should be paid to strengthen the economic dimension of women’s work in rural areas, to entrepreneurial factors and to those sectors that are directly related to rural women farmers. This report by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations highlights overall status, challenges and contribution of women in sub sectors of agriculture and gives a road map for further improving these across the four provinces and three regions of Pakistan. The report’s recommendations focus on the means of enhancing economic impact of women’s work in agriculture, the value of promoting socio-cultural factors such as education, literacy, and nutrition, the need to enhance their legal status, and policy and institutional strategies that will promote income-generating activities for rural women farmers. In line with the federal government’s policy, the Ministry of National Food Security and Research will continue to support agriculture development in Pakistan directly and in partnership with the development partners, mainstreaming women, in order to better recognise and promote the economic role of rural women in agriculture. vi Foreword Ensuring global food security is the priority of FAO. As per the FAO 2013 report on Food Insecurity in the World, around 842 million people, or around one in eight people in the world, were suffering from chronic hunger, and were not getting enough food to conduct an active life. Among the different dimensions of food security, poverty plays an important role in decreasing the access to food in economic terms. Country-level results suggest that poor dietary quality is often associated with poor utilization outcomes, in particular with high stunting rates, i.e., 43 percent in Pakistan. It has been noted that balanced diets are not available to the poorer segments of the population, which rely heavily on a few carbohydrate-rich staples. Therefore strong efforts are needed in the agriculture sector to improve household food security and access to more diverse and Patrick T. Evans nutritious food. FAO Representative, Pakistan Directly as farmers, or indirectly as wage labourers, the majority of people in Pakistan are connected to agriculture and many face food insecurity. This report highlights the fact that the agriculture sector is underperforming in Pakistan and one of the key reasons is that women do not have equal access to resources and opportunities they need. The report clearly FRQÀUPVWKDWZHPXVWSURPRWHJHQGHUHTXDOLW\DQGHPSRZHU women in agriculture to reduce extreme poverty and gender discrimination. The importance of investing in rural women as a FKDQQHOIRUSURJUHVVLYHFKDQJHLVVLJQLÀFDQW$WWKHVDPHWLPH as cultural realities come into play, the achievement of greater empowerment and equality also implies a strong engagement with both men and women as is highlighted in the FAO Policy on Gender Equality 2013. 7KLVUHSRUWQRWRQO\LGHQWLÀHVWKHSRWHQWLDODUHDVWREHH[SORUHG but also suggests guidelines for policy initiatives along with provincial and regional assessment. The issues