000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 000 550 KEY GGLP boundary Mesolithic sites 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 4: Mesolithic elements of the historic environment Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 KEY GGLP boundary Burnt mound 000 Cairn 550 Cup and ring marks Hut circle Standing stone Stone circle 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 5: Neolithic to early BA elements of the historic environment Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 000 550 KEY GGLP boundary Axehead, axe hammer (stone) Axehead, palstave, dirks etc (bronze) 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 6: Find-spots of Bronze Age metalwork and battle axes Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 KEY 000 GGLP boundary 550 Dun Fort Possible fort Settlement 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 7: Late Bronze Age to Iron Age elements of the historic environment Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 KEY 000 GGLP boundary 550 Enclosure Find-spot Fort annexe Temporary camp 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 8: Roman elements of the historic environment Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 KEY GGLP boundary Abbey 000 Castle or tower house 550 Church, chapel or cemetery Motte Settlement Well 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 9: Medieval elements of the historic environment Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 000 550 KEY GGLP boundary Scheduled monuments 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 10: Scheduled monuments Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 000 KEY 550 GGLP boundary Category A Category B Category C 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 11: Listed buildings Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 000 550 KEY GGLP boundary Properties in Care Conservation Areas 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 12: Conservation Areas and Properties in Care Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 000 600 000 590 000 580 000 570 000 560 000 550 KEY GGLP boundary Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes Non-Inventory Gardens and Designed Landscapes 000 240000 250000 260000 270000 280000 540 Figure 13: Gardens and designed landscapes Drawn by: O Lelong, 10.8.2017 ± Map scale @ A3: 1:175,000 7000 BC Tool scatters around Clatteringshaws Loch Mobile communities along river valleys and in uplands Antler harpoon from the Dee at Tongland Routeways between south and west coasts 6000 BC Mesolithic Long cairns like Cairn Avel Communities adopted farming Polished stone axes around the Dee estuary Place making through monument building Rock art around Kirkcudbright Bay 5000 BC Round cairns and Beakers Hilltops, lochs and rivers as natural monuments Bronze weapons in Carlingwark Loch Open farming settlements on lowlands and uplands Round houses and field systems 4000 BC Neolithic Crannogs (artificial islands) in Carlingwark Loch Widespread forest clearance using iron tools Forts along the east side of lower Dee valley Communities built enclosures around settlements Fine metalwork left as offerings to deities 3000 BC Military and administrative complex at Glenlochar Roman army pushed into south-west by AD 82 Military road from Annan to Fleet Novantae tribes came under army's control Cauldron full of iron tools in Carlingwark loch 2000 BC Bronze Age Place names of British, Anglian, Norse and Gaelic origin British kingdom of Rheged conquered by Anglian settlers Cross-slabs and early churches Norse speakers settled around Dee estuary in 10th century Galloway hoard shows wide cultural connections 1000 BC Iron Age Mottes, castles and moated homesteads The kinship-based, independent Lordship of Galloway Priories, churches, pilgrim routes, monastic granges (farms) Long periods of warfare and instability Farming townships 0 AD Tower houses, moot hills and defended towns Local feuding and political instability Roman incursions Townships, shielings and drove routes Waves of religious conflict - Reformation, Covenanters Churches, chapels, burial grounds Kingdom of Rheged 1000 AD Kingdom of Alba Farmsteads, planned villages, country houses Agricultural improvements, Levellers Canals, roads, railways, bridges, mines Shipbuilding, smuggling, maritime trade Artists attracted by quality of light Kingdom of Scotland 2000 AD United Kingdom Hydroelectric schemes Rural depopulation Commercial forestry Artist colonies, tourism War memorials Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT AUDIT Project ID: 840 Report No: 185 Northlight Heritage Studio 406 | South Block | 64 Osborne Street | Glasgow | G1 5QH web: www.northlight-heritage.co.uk | tel: 0141.271.4746 email: [email protected] Historic Environment Audit on behalf of Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership August 2017 Report by: Olivia Lelong Illustrations by: Ingrid Shearer Northlight Heritage: Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership Historic Environment Audit 2 Contents Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction 7 2. Aims 7 3. Methods 8 4. Assessment of Existing Resources 9 Databases 9 Museums 9 Heritage centres & groups 9 Published resources 10 Archival resources 11 Pictorial resources 12 5. The Historic Environment of the Galloway Glens LP 14 Environmental change 14 Mobile communities & wild resources: c 7,000 - 4,300 cal BC 16 Place making, farming and communal life: c 4300 - 2300 cal BC 17 Domesticating landscapes, new technologies: c 2300 - 750 cal BC 22 Consolidating communities: c 750 cal BC - AD 300 25 The Roman Army's footprints: 1st - 3rd centuries AD 30 Waves of identity - British, Anglian & Hiberno-Norse: c AD 250 - 1130 32 Galloway Glens in medieval Scotland: AD 1130 - 1560 38 Post-medieval: 1456 - c 1700 46 Industry, Improvement and maritime trade: c 1730 - 1900 53 Modern to the present: 20th - 21st centuries 61 Northlight Heritage: Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership Historic Environment Audit 3 6. Historic Land Use and Pressures for Change 64 The Historic Land Use Assessment 64 Relict landscapes and forces for change 65 Impacts of land use change on relict landscapes 67 7. Assessment of Significance 69 Policy and planning context 69 Significance of the historic environment in the study area 70 8. Opportunities for Research and Engagement 78 Theme 1: Paths & nodes 78 Theme 2: Galwegian identities 79 Theme 3: Landscapes of power and resistance 79 Theme 4: Making a living on land and sea 80 Theme 5: Harnessing the elements 80 9. Sources consulted 81 Northlight Heritage: Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership Historic Environment Audit 4 Executive Summary An audit of the historic environment of the Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership area was conducted in January - March 2017. The audit has provided a baseline understanding of the GGLP area's historic environment and the key elements and narratives that underpin the distinctive qualities of the area's landscapes. For the purposes of this study, 'historic environment' is defined as a combination of physical evidence - including archaeological remains, artefacts, the built environment and bio-cultural heritage - and intangible associations, concepts and values that link people with place (Scottish Historic Environment Policy 2011). The study area is defined as the Galloway Glens Landscape Partnership area - 600 km2 of the Ken and Dee catchment areas in the Stewartry - plus a 2 km buffer zone. The historic environment record for the study area contains 3,342 entries, some of which are also listed buildings and scheduled monuments. About half are post-medieval or early modern to modern and just under a third are late to post medieval; the remainder are prehistoric, Roman or early medieval to medieval (using categories assigned in the local authority HER). Prehistoric (including Roman): 17% Early medieval to medieval: 5% Late to post medieval: 30% Post medieval to modern: 25% Early modern to modern: 23% Designated sites and areas include 57 scheduled monuments, 3 properties in care, 473 listed buildings, two conservation areas and two inventoried gardens and designed landscapes. The Historic Environment Audit drew together physical evidence for human activity - including archaeological remains, artefacts, the built environment and bio-cultural heritage - with elements of intangible cultural heritage such as folklore and traditions. It has highlighted the chronological texture of the area's landscapes at different periods and some key themes which emerge from the evidence. Elements of the historic environment show how, where and why people have moved around the area since earliest times - from Mesolithic routeways through the uplands and along valleys, to Roman and Hanoverian military roads built to control the region, to a medieval pilgrimage bringing the faithful to Whithorn and post-medieval drove roads that brought cattle from the Carrick to the Stewartry. Different cultural, political or linguistic identities prevailed at different points. British, Anglian, Norse and Gaelic place names and material culture are the relics of successive waves of identity and control during the second half of the 1st millennium AD. In the medieval period, the lordship of Galloway emerged as a