SHS-2018-Monograph-2---23-Apr

Published by Housing and Development Board HDB Hub 480 Lorong 6 Toa Payoh Singapore 310480 Research Team Goh Li Ping (Team Leader) William Lim Teong Wee Tan Hui Fang Wu Juan Juan Tan Tze Hui Lim E-Farn Fiona Lee Yiling Sangeetha D/O Panearselvan Amy Wong Jin Ying Esther Chua Jia Ping Phay Huai Yu Ian Lim Wei Wendy Li Xin Quek Xin Ping Cherie Lin Xinyi Max Chan Weng Kin Goh Pei Xuan Alysia Wee Wan Ting Advisor: Dr Chong Fook Loong <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Research Advisory Panel: </li><li style="flex:1">Associate Professor Tan Ern Ser </li></ul>Associate Professor Pow Choon Piew Associate Professor Kang Soon Hock Associate Professor Nicholas Hon Hsueh Hsien Dr Ong Qiyan We also wish to acknowledge with thanks: ••Dr. Lai Ah Eng for her guidance in the initial phase of the survey Yvonne Tan Ci En, Tan Hwee Koon, Nur Asykin Ramli, Paveena Seah Chia Shih and Michelle Fong Jing Ting for their contributions to the survey Published Feb 2021 All information is correct at the time of printing. © 2021 Housing & Development Board All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying and recording without the written permission of the Housing and Development Board. Such written permission must also be obtained before any part of this publication is stored in a retrieval system of any nature. ISBN 978-981-14-9469-7 PUBLIC HOUSING IN SINGAPORE: Social Well-Being of HDB Communities & Well-Being of the Elderly FOREWORD HDB has strived to provide a holistic living environment for HDB residents as well as serve the many who use facilities in HDB towns. This is achieved by delivering good homes in the form of affordable public housing and well-planned towns; putting people at the centre of every plan and policy. A key to better homes is undoubtedly developing a keen understanding of the people for whom we are building. As HDB celebrates its 60th anniversary, it is timely to take stock of our efforts and to obtain our residents’ feedback so as to continue to do better. An important barometer of our residents’ sentiments is the Sample Household Survey (SHS). First launched in 1968, SHS 2018 is the 11th in a series of largescale surveys carried out every five years. SHS 2018 covered close to 8,000 HDB households across all towns/estates and flat types. The SHS has made trend analysis possible and has provided insights on residents’ views on HDB living. The findings serve as important inputs for policy reviews and improvements to the living environment. While HDB has made significant transformation to public housing, many dynamic changes continue to take place. Aspirational desires for quality living will take new shape. There are shifts in emphasis towards community-centric and liveability issues. All these will have an impact on the physical and social landscape. SHS 2018 provided residents with a platform to share their HDB living experience - from the design of their flats, ease of accessibility, to the strength of community ties. The survey also explored new evolving aspects like online shopping and unique places in their towns that hold special memories. The SHS 2018 findings have shown an improvement in satisfaction with the HDB living environment from 2013. Besides affirming HDB policies, the findings also lent support that the physical living environment is important in the building of ties, contributing to residents’ overall well-being. Gaining insights from SHS 2018, there is a greater need to engage the community to strengthen social capital and resilience, especially among the more vulnerable households. In the planning of our towns, HDB also intends to place residents’ health and wellness at the forefront. The salient findings are published in the following two monographs: i) Public Housing in Singapore: Residents' Profile, Housing Satisfaction and Preferences; and ii) Public Housing in Singapore: Social Well-Being of HDB Communities & Well-Being of the Elderly. We deeply appreciate all residents who have generously given us their time and invaluable feedback. Their responses will enable HDB to better design quality flats, meaningful communal spaces and formulate new strategies to deepen residents’ sense of belonging to their towns. Dr. Cheong Koon Hean Chief Executive Officer Housing & Development Board i<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Contents </li><li style="flex:1">Page </li></ul>FOREWORD iiii CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vLIST OF CHARTS xi KEY INDICATORS xv xxi GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND DEFINITIONS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 33445 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Sampling Design 1.4 Outline of Monograph <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">SOCIAL WELL-BEING OF HDB COMMUNITIES </li><li style="flex:1">9</li></ul>CHAPTER 2 OUTLOOK ON LIFE 2.1 Satisfaction with Life 15 15 23 25 27 2.2 Overall Level of Happiness 2.3 Personal Resilience 2.4 Summary of Findings <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">CHAPTER 3 FAMILY TIES </li><li style="flex:1">33 </li></ul>35 40 41 46 54 3.1 Physical Living Arrangement 3.2 Social Living Arrangement 3.3 Depth of Interaction 3.4 Forms and Extent of Family Support 3.5 Relationship between Proximity, Frequency of Visits, and Family Support 3.6 Attitudes towards Family 3.7 Summary of Findings 56 58 iii <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Contents </li><li style="flex:1">Page </li></ul>CHAPTER 4 SOCIAL CAPITAL 4.1 Concept of Social Capital 65 65 68 72 76 4.2 Level of Social Capital among HDB Residents 4.3 Social Capital Scores by Attributes 4.4 Summary of Findings CHAPTER 5 COMMUNITY BONDING 5.1 Neighbourly Relations 5.2 Rootedness 81 81 97 5.3 Community Engagement 5.4 Summary of Findings 106 113 <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">CONCLUSION: SOCIAL WELL-BEING OF HDB COMMUNITIES </li><li style="flex:1">117 </li></ul><ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">WELL-BEING OF THE ELDERLY </li><li style="flex:1">121 </li></ul>CHAPTER 6 WELL-BEING OF THE ELDERLY 6.1 HDB Elderly and Future Elderly Households 6.1.1 Demographic Characteristics 6.2 Personal Aspects 125 127 127 132 133 137 139 139 153 166 167 172 177 183 6.2.1 Outlook on Life 6.2.2 Health Status 6.3 Social Aspects 6.3.1 Family Ties 6.3.2 Community Bonding 6.4 Housing Aspects 6.4.1 Housing Mobility and Aspirations 6.4.2 Physical Living Experience 6.4.3 Satisfaction and Usage of Estate Facilities 6.4.4 Ideal Living Arrangement for Elderly Who Require Assistance with Daily Living Activities 6.5 Summary of Findings 6.6 Conclusion 186 189 iv <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">List of Tables </li><li style="flex:1">Page </li></ul>Table 2.1 Table 2.2 Satisfaction with Aspects of Life by Year...........................................................16 Overall Life Satisfaction among HDB Households ...................................17 by Attributes Table 2.3 Table 2.4 Table 2.5 Table 2.6 Table 2.7 Table 2.8 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Satisfaction with Family Relations among HDB .........................................19 Households by Attributes Satisfaction with Neighbourly Relations among .........................................21 HDB Households by Attributes Satisfaction with Housing Situation among HDB Households..........22 by Attributes Overall Happiness with Life among HDB Households ..........................24 by Attributes Mean Resilience Scores among HDB Households .................................26 By Personal and Social Resources Mean Resilience Scores among HDB Households .................................27 by Attributes Attributes of Younger Married ...................................................................................34 Residents and Older Residents with Married Children Present and Preferred Physical Living Arrangements ...........................36 of Younger Married Residents vis-à-vis Their Parents Present and Preferred Physical Living Arrangements ...........................38 of Younger Married Residents vis-à-vis Their Parents by Resident Life Cycle Stage <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Table 3.4 </li><li style="flex:1">Present and Preferred Physical Living Arrangements............................39 </li></ul>of Older Residents with Married Children vis-à-vis Their Married Children Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Table 3.10 Table 3.11 Table 3.12 Present and Preferred Social Living Arrangements..................................40 of Younger Married Residents by Year Present and Preferred Social Living Arrangements..................................41 of Older Residents with Married Children by Year Frequency of Visits between Younger Married Residents .................42 and Their Parents by Year Frequency of Visits between Older Residents .............................................42 and Their Married Children by Year Frequency of Visits between Younger Married Residents .................43 and Their Parents by Attributes Frequency of Visits between Older Residents .............................................44 and Their Married Children by Attributes Childcare Arrangements of Younger Married Residents .....................46 with Children Aged 12 Years Old and Below by Year Regular Financial Support from Younger Married Residents ..........47 to Parents by Year v<ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">List of Tables </li><li style="flex:1">Page </li></ul>Table 3.13 Table 3.14 Table 3.15 Table 3.16 Table 3.17 Table 3.18 Regular Financial Support from Younger Married Residents ..........47 to Parents by Attributes Amount Contributed to Parents from Younger Married ........................48 Residents by Attributes Regular Financial Support Received by Older Residents ..................49 with Married Children by Year Regular Financial Support Received by Older Residents ..................49 with Married Children by Attributes Amount of Financial Support Received by Older Residents ............50 with Married Children by Attributes Whether Younger Married Residents are Able to Rely on .................51 Family Members for Physical, Emotional and Financial Support (In Times of Need) Table 3.19 Table 3.20 Whether Younger Married Residents are Able to Rely on .................51 At Least One Family Member for Support Whether Older Residents with Married Children are Able .................53 to Rely on Family Members for Physical, Emotional and Financial Support (In Times of Need) Table 3.21 Table 3.22 Table 3.23 Whether Older Residents with Married Children are Able .................53 to Rely on At Least One Family Member for Support Frequency of Visits between Younger Married Residents .................54 and Their Parents by Proximity Frequency of Visits between Older Residents and ..................................55 Married Children by Proximity Table 3.24 Table 3.25 Table 4.1 Table 4.2 Norms of Trust and Reciprocity with Family Members .........................57 Statements on Family Values ....................................................................................58 Social Capital Scores among HDB Households by Year ....................69 Norms of Trust in Informal and Generalised Networks .........................69 among HDB Households by Year Table 4.3 Table 4.4 Norms of Reciprocity in Informal and Generalised Networks ..........70 among HDB Households by Year Size of Informal and Generalised Networks among HDB....................71 Households by Year Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Confidence in Institutions among HDB Households by Year ...........72 Level of Social Capital among HDB Households by ...............................73 Marital Status Table 4.7 Table 4.8 Size of Networks among HDB Households by Marital Status ..........73 Level of Social Capital among HDB Households by ...............................74 Highest Education Level Attained <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Table 4.9 </li><li style="flex:1">Size of Networks among HDB Households by Highest ........................74 </li></ul>Education Level Attained vi <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">List of Tables </li><li style="flex:1">Page </li></ul>Table 4.10 Table 4.11 Table 5.1 Level of Social Capital among HDB Households by Flat Type ......75 Size of Networks among HDB Households by Flat Type .....................75 Frequency of Neighbourly Interaction among HDB .................................83 Households Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Neighbourly Interaction by Ethnic Group ......................................84 Neighbourly Interaction by Age of Block............................................................85 Types of Help Received/Provided among HDB Households ...........86 who Received/Rendered Help <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Table 5.5 </li><li style="flex:1">Received Help from/Provided help to Neighbours among .................87 </li></ul>HDB Households by Attributes Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 5.8 Tolerance Level for Types of Nuisance Faced by Year .......................89 Households who Faced Nuisances by Attributes ......................................90 Whether Resolved Nuisances among Households who ......................91 Faced Nuisances by Types of Neighbourly Interaction <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Table 5.9 </li><li style="flex:1">Type of Efforts to Resolve Nuisances among Households ...............92 </li></ul>who Faced Nuisances Table 5.10 Table 5.11 Places where Neighbours Meet for Interaction by Year .......................93 Type of Special/Fond Memories Within Town of Residence ...........96 among HDB Households Table 5.12 Table 5.13 Table 5.14 Table 5.15 Places where Fond Memories were Formed among ..............................97 Households who had Fond Memories Sense of Belonging among HDB Households by ......................................99 Length of Residence Intensity of Sense of Belonging among HDB Households ..............100 by Age Types of Iconic/Unique Places Within Town among HDB ..............101 Households who were Able to Identify Iconic/Unique Place/Building Table 5.16 Table 5.17 Iconic Places Named by Town/Estate .............................................................102 Sense of Community Score among HDB Households........................103 by Year Table 5.18 Table 5.19 Table 5.20 Table 5.21 Sense of Community Score among HDB Households .......................104 by Attributes Sense of Pride to Community among HDB Households ..................105 by Attributes Reasons for Not Participating in Community Activities ......................108 by Year Community Participation Over Past 12 Months .......................................109 among HDB Households by Attributes vii <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">List of Tables </li><li style="flex:1">Page </li></ul>Table 5.22 Table 5.23 Types of Hobby-Related Activities Participated in on .........................110 Regular Basis Contribution of Services for Benefit of Community among .............112 HDB Households by Attributes Table 5.24 Table 5.25 Types of Help/Services Rendered ......................................................................112 Contribution of Services among HDB Households and .....................113 Reasons for Not Contributing/Unwillingness to Contribute Table 6.1 Table 6.2 Table 6.3 Table 6.4 Table 6.5 Table 6.6 HDB Elderly and Future Elderly Households by Flat Type .............129 and Year HDB Elderly and Future Elderly Households by Type of .................130 Family Nucleus and Year HDB Elderly and Future Elderly Households by Labour ...................131 Force Status and Year Employed HDB Elderly and Future Elderly Households by.............132 Education Level and Year Overall Life Satisfaction of Elderly and Future Elderly .......................135 Households by Year Mean Personal Resilience Scores among Elderly and.......................137 Future Elderly Households by Personal and Social Resources Table 6.7 Table 6.8 Whether Fully Ambulant by Age ...........................................................................138 Most Common Long-Term Illnesses among Elderly and .................138 Future Elderly <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">Table 6.9 </li><li style="flex:1">Whether Follow-Up Regularly with Healthcare Providers ................139 </li></ul>for Elderly and Future Elderly Table 6.10 Table 6.11 Table 6.12 Table 6.13 Table 6.14 Table 6.15 Table 6.16 Present and Preferred Physical Living Arrangements of .................140 Elderly vis-à-vis Their Married Children by Year Present and Preferred Physical Living Arrangements of .................141 Future Elderly vis-à-vis Their Married Children by Year Present and Preferred Social Living Arrangements of .......................142 Elderly by Year Present and Preferred Social Living Arrangements of .......................143 Future Elderly by Year Frequency of Visits between Elderly and Future Elderly...................144 with Their Married Children by Year Keeping in Touch with Family Members among Elderly and ........146 Future Elderly by Labour Force Status Whether Elderly and Future Elderly Able to Rely on.............................147 at Least One Family Member for Support viii <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">List of Tables </li><li style="flex:1">Page </li></ul>Table 6.17 Table 6.18 Whether Elderly Households are Able to Rely on Family ................148 Members for Physical, Emotional and Financial Support (In Times of Need) Whether Future Elderly Households are Able to Rely on ................148 Family Members for Physical, Emotional and Financial Support (In Times of Need) Table 6.19 Table 6.20 Table 6.21 Table 6.22 Table 6.23 Regular Financial Support Received by Elderly and ...........................151 Future Elderly from All Children by Attributes Amount of Financial Support Received by Elderly and .....................151 Future Elderly from All Children by Attributes Norms of Trust with Family Members and Relatives for ...................152 Elderly and Future Elderly Norms of Reciprocity with Family Members and Relatives ............152 for Elderly and Future Elderly Composition of Informal Network Size of Family Members ...........152 and Relatives for Elderly and Future Elderly Table 6.24 Table 6.25 View of Elderly and Future Elderly on Family Values .........................153 Types of Neighbourly Interaction among Elderly and .........................154 Future Elderly by Year Table 6.26 Table 6.27 Table 6.28 Table 6.29 Table 6.30 Table 6.31 Table 6.32 Table 6.33 Table 6.34 Table 6.35 Table 6.36 Types and Frequency of Neighbourly Interaction among ................155 Elderly Types and Frequency of Neighbourly Interaction among ................156 Future Elderly Places where Neighbours Meet for Interaction among ......................157 Elderly and Future Elderly Sense of Community Score among Elderly and ......................................158 Future Elderly Community Participation of Elderly and Future Elderly .....................159 Over Past 12 Months by Year Reasons for Not Participating in Community Activities ......................159 among Elderly and Future Elderly by Year Types of Community Participation among Elderly and ......................160 Future Elderly Over Past 12 Months by Year Participation in Community Activities among Elderly and ................160 Future Elderly by Attributes Participation in Hobby-Related Activities among Elderly .................161 and Future Elderly Participation in Community and Hobby-Related Activities ..............161 for Elderly and Future Elderly Types of Help/Services Rendered by Elderly and...................................162 Future Elderly ix <ul style="display: flex;"><li style="flex:1">List of Tables </li><li style="flex:1">Page </li></ul>Table 6.37 Table 6.38 Table 6.39 Table 6.40 Table 6.41 Table 6.42 Table 6.43 Table 6.44 Table 6.45 Table 6.46 Reasons for Not Contributing Services among Elderly ......................163 and Future Elderly Actual Contribution among Elderly and Future Elderly ......................164 by Attributes Norms of Trust with Informal Community Networks of .......................165 Elderly and Future Elderly Norms of Reciprocity with Informal Community Networks of ........165 Elderly and Future Elderly Composition of Informal Community Network Size for ......................165 Elderly and Future Elderly Sense of Belonging among Elderly and Future Elderly .....................166 by Year

SHS-2018-Monograph-2---23-Apr

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