OMSLAG:OMSLAG 08/06/07 10:16 Side 1 DANISH FOREIGN POLICYDANISH YEARBOOK 2007 DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2007 ISBN 978-87-7605-201-0 EDITED BY NANNA HVIDT AND HANS MOURITZEN DIIS · DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 1 DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2007 EDITED BY NANNA HVIDT AND HANS MOURITZEN DIIS DANISH INSTITUTE FOR INTERNATIONAL STUDIES DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 2 Copenhagen 2007 Danish Institute for International Studies, DIIS Strandgade 56, DK-1401 Copenhagen, Denmark Ph: +45 32 69 87 87 Fax: +45 32 69 87 00 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.diis.dk Editors: Nanna Hvidt and Hans Mouritzen Layout: Carsten Schiøler Print: Gullanders Bogtryk a-s, Denmark ISBN 978-87-7605-201-0 DIIS publications can be obtained from the booksellers or ordered at [email protected] Wholesale for booksellers: Nordisk Bog Center A/S Bækvej 10-12, DK-4690 Haslev, Denmark Ph: +45 56 36 40 40 Fax: +45 56 36 40 39 DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 3 Contents PREFACE · 7 CHAPTER 1: ARTICLES · 9 Abstracts in English and Danish · 9 The International Situation and Danish Foreign Policy 2006 · 13 Ulrik Federspiel Denmark’s Membership of the UN Security Council: What Came out of it? · 31 Ellen Margrethe Løj The Cartoons Crisis in Danish Foreign Policy: A new Balance between the EU and the US? · 51 Henrik Larsen Drawing the Line: The Cartoons Controversy in the US · 86 Helle Rytkønen CHAPTER 2: SELECTED DOCUMENTS · 111 CHAPTER 3: DANISH FOREIGN POLICY IN FIGURES · 179 CHAPTER 4: OPINION POLLS · 185 CHAPTER 5: SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY · 195 DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 4 DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 5 5 Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook Editors Nanna Hvidt Hans Mouritzen Editorial e-mail: [email protected] Editorial Assistants Morten Lihn Jørgensen Ulla Rødgaard Linguistic Consultant Robert Parkin Editorial Advisory Board Clive Archer, Manchester Metropolitan University Hans Branner, Nørre Gymnasium Eric Einhorn, University of Massachusetts Poul Engberg-Pedersen, The Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation Daniel Hamilton, The Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies Frederik Harhoff, University of Southern Denmark Bernd Henningsen, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Christine Ingebritsen, University of Washington Tonny Brems Knudsen, University of Aarhus Henrik Larsen, University of Copenhagen Sverre Lodgaard, Norwegian Institute of International Affairs Birgitte Olsen, Danish Institute for Human Rights Ove Kai Pedersen, Copenhagen Business School Sten Rynning, University of Southern Denmark Helle Rytkønen, Stanford University Bengt Sundelius, Uppsala University Ben Tonra, University College Dublin DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 6 DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 7 7 Preface Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook 2007 is the eleventh volume of the yearbook in its present form. As previously, it focuses on Danish foreign policy and Denmark’s position within an international and a transnational context - at the regional as well as the global level. This year we present two Foreign Ministry articles: the official outline of Denmark’s 2006 foreign policy by the Permanent Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, Ulrik Federspiel, and an article by Ambassador Ellen Margrethe Løj analysing the results of the Danish membership of the UN Security Council. In addition, we have included scholarly articles by Henrik Larsen and Helle Rytkønen, who rep- resent only themselves and their academic expertise. Both of these articles deal with aspects of the cartoons crisis, characterized by the foreign minis- ter as the most serious crisis in Danish foreign policy since World War II. The articles are abstracted, both in English and Danish, at the outset of chapter one. After the articles follows a small selection of official docu- ments, which we consider to be pioneering or characteristic of Danish for- eign policy during 2006. This is supplemented by essential statistics on Danish foreign policy, as well as some of the most relevant polls on the atti- tude of the Danish population on key foreign policy questions. A bibliogra- phy then offers a limited selection of scholarly books, articles, and chapters published in 2006 in English, German or French dealing with the yearbook’s topic. The editors of Danish Foreign Policy Yearbook are Director Nanna Hvidt and Hans Mouritzen, Head of foreign policy research. Tonny Brems Knudsen and Ulla Holm served as reviewers for the scholarly articles. Morten Lihn Jørgensen and Ulla Rødgaard have provided editorial assis- tance, while Robert Parkin has been our linguistic consultant. The editors DIIS, Copenhagen May 2007 DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 9 9 Chapter 1 Articles ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH AND DANISH The International Situation and Danish Foreign Policy 2006 Ulrik Federspiel This is an outline of Danish foreign policy 2006 provided by the Permanent Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. Throughout 2006, developments cau- sed by globalisation posed huge challenges to Denmark. The cartoons crisis and the conflict in Lebanon were the most obvious ones. Confronted with these challenges, Denmark managed to pursue a pro-active foreign policy. Interrelated issues such as energy security, climate change, failed states and weapons of mass destruction became increasingly important. These issues must be addressed with different instruments ranging from diplomacy and multilateral cooperation to trade policy and development cooperation. They illustrate the need for new tools in foreign policy such as public diplomacy, which has gained further importance in the globalised and network-based system of international relations. In addition, the need for horizontal coor- dination has increased. The Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued a major globalisation study in 2006, recommending how Denmark can cope with the challenges of globalisation. I artiklen analyserer Udenrigsministeriets direktør dansk udenrigspolitik i 2006. I løbet af året medførte globaliseringen enorme udfordringer for dansk udenrigspolitik. De mest iøjnefaldende var tegningesagen og krisen i Libanon. Ikke desto mindre for- DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 10 10 DANISH FOREIGN POLICY YEARBOOK 2007 måede Danmark at føre en proaktiv udenrigspolitik med henblik på at håndtere udfor- dringerne. Indbyrdes forbundne emner såsom energisikkerhed, klimaændringer, svage stater og masseødelæggelsesvåben fik stigende betydning. Emner som disse må imøde- gås med en række forskellige instrumenter, herunder diplomati og multilateralt sam- arbejde, handelspolitik og internationalt udviklingssamarbejde. De illustrerer desuden behovet for nye redskaber i udenrigspolitikken som f.eks. ’public diplomacy’, der har fået yderligere vægt i et globaliseret og netværksbaseret internationalt system. Derudover er behovet for horisontal koordination blevet større. Udenrigsministeriet lancerede i 2006 en globaliseringsanalyse med anbefalinger til, hvordan man fra dansk side bedst kan håndtere globaliseringens udfordringer. Denmark’s Membership of the UN Security Council: What Came out of it? Ellen Margrethe Løj In this article, ambassador Ellen Margrethe Løj reports and elaborates on the Danish membership of the UN Security Council 2005-06. She focuses, in particular, on four major tasks that Denmark undertook: (1) The chair - manship of the Counter-Terrorism Committee was a big and important chal- lenge. The Danish ambition was to revise the focus from process and infor- mation sharing towards enhancement of states’ actual readiness to combat international terrorism. (2) Chairing also the Sanctions Committee for Liberia, remarkable cooperation was established with the new government in Monrovia. (3) Furthermore Denmark, together with Tanzania, chaired the negotiations on setting up the new UN Peacebuilding Commission. The establishment of the Commission was among the most notable Danish achievements. (4) Denmark was also an active player in the efforts to bring the Sudan tragedy to an end. However, Sudan remains an unsolved issue on the Security Council’s agenda. I artiklen afdækker Ambassadør Ellen Margrethe Løj resultater og erfaringer fra Danmarks medlemskab af FN’s Sikkerhedsråd i perioden 2005-06. Der fokuseres sær- ligt på fire store opgaver, som Danmark var involveret i: (1) Formandskabet for Komitéen for Terrorbekæmpelse var en vigtig udfordring. Ambitionen var at skifte DIIS 2007:DIIS 2007 08/06/07 9:11 Side 11 ABSTRACTS IN ENGLISH AND DANISH 11 fokus fra processer og videregivelse af information til styrkelse af staternes faktiske beredskab over for international terrorisme. (2) Under dansk formandskab for Liberia-sanktionskomiteen etableredes et betydningsfuldt og konstruktivt samarbejde med den nye regering i Monrovia. (3) Endvidere ledede Danmark sammen med Tanzania oprettelsen af FN’s nye Fredsopbygningskommission. Oprettelsen af kom- missionen og den målrettede danske indsats i relation hertil var blandt de mest iøjne- faldende danske resultater. (4) Danmark spillede ydermere en aktiv rolle i forsøget på at bringe tragedien i Sudan til ophør. Sudan er imidlertid fortsat et uløst problem på Sikkerhedsrådets dagsorden. The Cartoons Crisis in Danish Foreign Policy: A new Balance between the EU and the US? Henrik Larsen The article examines the attempts by the Danish government to involve international fora and partners during the cartoons crisis. Specifically, the aim is to assess, whether the attempts to involve the EU and the US can be said to express a particular view