ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﮑﻰ ﺟﻨﺲ Ziziphora اﺯ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاﺩﻩ Lamiaceae ﺩﺭ اﻳﺮاﻥ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩاﻧﺸﺠﻮ: ﺭﻗﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪﻩ اﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺭاﻫﻨﻤﺎ: ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﮐﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ اﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ: ﻣﻬﻮﺵ ﺳﻴﻔﻌﻠﻰ ﺩاﻧﺸﮑﺪﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ: ۱۳۸۷ ﺩاﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ اﻟﺰﻫﺮا داﻧﺸﮕﺎه اﻟﺰﻫﺮا (س) داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎن ﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ اﺧﺬ درﺟﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ رﺷﺘﻪ زﻳﺴﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻢ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ- ﮔﺮاﻳﺶ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﻋﻨﻮان: ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﻴﻮﺳﻴﺴﺘﻤﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ Ziziphora از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Lamiaceae در اﻳﺮان اﺳﺎﺗﻴﺪ راﻫﻨﻤﺎ: دﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺮﻳﻢ ﻛﺸﺎورزي دﻛﺘﺮ زﻫﺮا ﻧﺎﻇﻢ ﺑﻜﺎﻳﻲ اﺳﺘﺎد ﻣﺸﺎور: ﻣﻬﻨﺪس ﻣﻬﻮش ﺳﻴﻔﻌﻠﻲ داﻧﺸﺠﻮ: رﻗﻴﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺪﻳﺪه ﺗﺎرﻳﺦ دﻓﺎع: 3ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻣﺎه 87 ﺟﻨﺲ .Ziziphora L ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﻳﻚﺳﺎﻟﻪ و ﭼﻨﺪﺳﺎﻟﻪ از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻧﻌﻨﺎع ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ زﻳﺮﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Nepetoideae ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ 40 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ در ﻣﺪﻳﺘﺮاﻧﻪ، ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ اﻳﺮان و ﺗﻮران و ﺑﻪ وﻳﮋه در ﻣﺰﻛﺰ آﺳﻴﺎﺳﺖ در اﻳﺮان ﺷﺎﻣﻞ 40 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ: 4) Z. tenuior 3) Z. persica Bunge Z. clinopodioides Lam. 2) Z.capitat L. 1) L. اﻋﻀﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ در ﺗﻤﺎم ﻧﻮاﺣﻲ اﻳﺮان ﮔﺴﺘﺮدهاﻧﺪ. در اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ 37 واﺣﺪ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺘﻲ از اﻋﻀﺎي ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي Ziziphora از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ (ﺑﺮش ﻋﺮﺿﻲ و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺑﺸﺮه ﭘﺸﺘﻲ)، رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ، ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﻣﻮرﻓﻮﻟﻮژي و ﺷﻤﺎرش ﻛﺮوﻣﻮزوﻣﻲ ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪاﻧﺪ. در ﺑﺨﺶ رﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت ﻛﻤﻲ و ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎي روﻳﺸﻲ و زاﻳﺸﻲ ﻫﺮ ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪ. ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ آﻣﺎري ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮه ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﺮماﻓﺰار .SPSS ver15. 1 ﺻﻮرت ﮔﺮﻓﺖ. در اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺻﻔﺎت ﺑﺴﺎك، ﺷﻜﻞ ﺑﺮگ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﮔﻞآذﻳﻦ، ﺷﻜﻞ ﮔﻞآذﻳﻦ، ﻋﺮض ﺑﺮگ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﮔﻞآذﻳﻦ، ﺑﺮگﻫﺎي ﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﻞآذﻳﻦ، ﻃﻮل ﻛﺎﺳﻪ، ﻃﻮل ﺑﺮگ ﻫﻤﺮاه ﮔﻞآذﻳﻦ، ﻃﻮل ﺟﺎم، ﻧﻮع ﻛﺮك ﻛﺎﺳﻪ، ﻃﻮل ﻛﺮك ﻛﺎﺳﻪ و ﻟﻮﻟﻪ ﺟﺎم ﺻﻔﺎت اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. در ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎن ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﺻﻔﺎت وﺟﻮد ﻛﻼﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﻳﻚﻻﻳﻪ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﻫﺮ دو ﺳﻄﺢ؛ وﺟﻮد ﭘﺎراﻧﺸﻴﻢ در ﻫﺮ دوﺳﻄﺢ و ﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻳﻜﻲ از ﺳﻄﻮح؛ وﺟﻮد ﻓﻴﺒﺮ در ﻫﺮ دو ﺳﻄﺢ، ﺳﻄﺢ ﭘﺸﺘﻲ و ﻳﺎ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺷﻜﻤﻲ و ﻳﺎﻓﻘﺪان آن؛ وﺟﻮد اﺳﻜﻠﺮاﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﺑﻴﻦ ﭼﻮب و آﺑﻜﺶ و ﻳﺎ ﻓﻘﺪان آن؛ وﺟﻮد ﭘﺎراﻧﺸﻴﻢ ﻧﺮدﺑﺎﻧﻲ در رﮔﺒﺮگ ﻣﺮﻛﺰي و ﺗﻌﺪاد ﺳﻠﻮل- ﻫﺎي روزﻧﻪ در واﺣﺪ ﺳﻄﺢ از ﺻﻔﺎت داراي ارزش اﻓﺘﺮاﻗﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ. ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي رﻳﺰرﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﺸﺎن داد ﻛﻪ دو ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Z. tenuior و Z. persica ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ از ﻟﺤﺎظ رﻳﺨﺘﻲ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ از ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت رﻳﺰرﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺴﻴﺎر ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﺷﺒﺎﻫﺖ دارﻧﺪ. ﺗﻔﻜﻴﻚ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي اﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﺲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺷﻪاي ﺑﻪ روش WARD ﻧﺸﺎن داده ﺷﺪ و ﻧﻤﻮدار رﺳﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪي PCA ﻧﻴﺰ اﻳﻦ ﺟﺪاﻳﻲ را ﺗﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻧﻤﻮد. ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺮﺑﻮط ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻴﻦ ارزش ﺻﻔﺎت، ﻗﺮاﺑﺖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮنﻫﺎ و ﻛﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي Ziziphora در اﻳﺮان ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪ. ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻓﺼﻞ اول: ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ................................................................................................................................................1 1-1- ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Lamiaceae................................................................................................................................2 1-2- ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Lamiaceae .......................................................................................4 1-3- زﻳﺮﺧﺎﻧﻮادهNepetoideae ....................................................................................................................................5 1-4- ﺧﻮﻳﺸﺎوﻧﺪيﻫﺎي ﺧﺎﻧﻮادهLamiaceae.................................................................................................................6 1-5- اﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﺎ ت ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Lamiaceae .......................................................................................................8 1- 6- ﻓﺮم ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻣﺜﻠﻲ، ﮔﺮده اﻓﺸﺎﻧﻲ ......................................................................................................................... 11 1-7- ﺳﻴﺘﻮﻟﻮژي........................................................................................................................................................ 12 1-8- ارزش اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻧﻌﻨﺎع ......................................................................................................................... 13 1-9- ﺳﻮاﺑﻖ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي ﻓﻴﻠﻮژﻧﻲ در ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Lamiaceae........................................................................................ 16 1-10- ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎت رﻳﺰ رﻳﺨﺖ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ .................................................................................................................... 20 1-10-1- ﮔﺮده......................................................................................................................................................... 20 1-10-2- ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻴﻮه و ﺑﺬر: ..................................................................................................................................... 22 1-10-3- ﻛﺮﻛﭙﻮش:.................................................................................................................................................. 23 1-10-4- ﺑﺸﺮه: ........................................................................................................................................................ 24 1-11- ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي ﻣﻮﻟﻜﻮﻟﻲ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Lamiaceae ......................................................................................... 25 1-12- ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ Ziziphora :............................................................................................................................. 27 1-13- ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺟﻨﺲ Ziziphora : ..................................................................................................................... 28 1-14- ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎه ﺟﻨﺲ در ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢﻫﺎي ردهﺑﻨﺪي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ............................................................................................ 29 15 - 1 - اﻫﺪاف اﺻﻠﻲ اﻳﻦ ﭘﮋوﻫﺶ.............................................................................................................................30 ﻓﺼﻞ دوم.........................................................................................................................................................................31 2-1- ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ:......................................................................................................................................... 32 2-2- ﺗﺎﻛﺴﻮﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﻋﺪدي (NUMERICAL TAXONOMY ):................................................................................. 32 2-3- ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ: .................................................................................................................................. 37 2-3-1- ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ وﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ:............................................................................................................ 37 2-3-2- ﺻﻔﺎت رﻳﺨﺘﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪه: ........................................................................................................................ 39 2-4- رﻳﺰرﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ............................................................................................................................................. 42 2-5- ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ: .......................................................................................................................................... 44 2-5-1- ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎ و ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎي ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ: .......................................................................................................... 44 2-5-2- ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺑﺸﺮه ﭘﺸﺘﻲ...................................................................................................................................... 45 2-5-3- ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ در ﺑﺮش ﻋﺮﺿﻲ................................................................................................... 45 2-5-4- ﺻﻔﺎت ﺗﺸﺮﻳﺤﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺪه :.................................................................................................................... 46 2-6- ﺑﺮرﺳﻲﻫﺎي ﻛﺮوﻣﻮزوﻣﻲ:................................................................................................................................. 47 2-6-1- ﺟﻤﻌﻴﺖﻫﺎ و ﮔﻮﻧﻪﻫﺎي ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﺪه: ........................................................................................................... 47 2-6-2- ﺗﻨﺪش ﺑﺬرﻫﺎ (Seed germination)............................................................................................................. 47 2-6-3- ﭘﻴﺶ ﺗﻴﻤﺎر (Pre-treatment)....................................................................................................................... 47 2-6-4- ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ (Fixation)....................................................................................................................................... 48 2-6-5- ﻧﮕﻬﺪاري (Storage) ................................................................................................................................... 48 2-6-6- رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي (Staining):............................................................................................................................. 48 2-6-7- ﻟﻪ ﻛﺮدن (Squashing)................................................................................................................................ 49 2-6-8- ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ.................................................................................................................................. 49 ﻓﺼﻞ ﺳﻮم: ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات و ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ..........................................................................................................................................50 3-1- ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﺗﺠﺰﻳﻪ و ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪات ﺻﻔﺎت رﻳﺨﺘﻲ............................................................................................. 51 3-1- 1- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Ziziphora capitata ......................................................................................................................... 51 3-1- 2- ﮔﻮﻧﻪZiziphora clinopodioides............................................................................................................... 58 3-1-3- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Ziziphora persica............................................................................................................................ 67 3-1-4- ﮔﻮﻧﻪ Ziziphora tenuior ............................................................................................................................ 73 3-2- ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت رﻳﺰرﻳﺨﺖﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ 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