Public and Private Service Provision of Solid Waste Management in Kampala, Uganda Mesharch W. Katusiimeh TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ IV LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... V LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... VII CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background: public and private provisioning in solid waste management ............... 2 1.2 Solid waste management in Kampala ........................................................................ 9 1.3 Solid waste characteristics and overview of the policy and legal framework for SWM in Kampala ........................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Problem statement and study objectives .................................................................. 17 1.5 Description of study area ......................................................................................... 21 1.6 Data .......................................................................................................................... 24 1.7 Contribution of this research .................................................................................... 27 1.8 Outline of the thesis ................................................................................................. 30 CHAPTER 2: THE OPERATIONS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE PROVISION OF SOLID WASTE COLLECTION SERVICES IN KAMPALA ....................................................................................................................... 31 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 32 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 33 2.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................ 35 2.3 Results and discussion ............................................................................................. 37 2.3.1 Public and private sectors operations in SWM in Kampala ............................... 37 2.3.2 Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of respondents ..................... 39 2.3.3 Services provision .............................................................................................. 41 2.3.4 Payments for solid waste collection ................................................................... 43 2.3.5 Satisfaction with service provision .................................................................... 43 2.3.6 Explanations ....................................................................................................... 47 i 2.4 Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 50 CHAPTER 3: PRIVATISATION OF WASTE COLLECTION SERVICES AND THE REMOVAL OF PUBLIC CONTAINERS IN KAMPALA. ............................................ 53 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 54 3.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 55 3.2 Theoretical considerations ....................................................................................... 58 3.2.1 Private sector supply response ........................................................................... 62 3.3 Data and methods of investigation ........................................................................... 64 3.4 Empirical findings .................................................................................................... 66 3.4.1 Choice of method of waste disposal before and after privatization ................... 66 3.4.2 Relation between fees and service level ............................................................. 73 3.4.3 Rating of old skips.............................................................................................. 74 3.4.4 Effects of fees on the ratings .............................................................................. 81 3.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 4: CO-EXISTENCE OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL WASTE COLLECTION IN KAMPALA. ...................................................................................... 87 Abstract .......................................................................................................................... 88 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 89 4.2 Informal sector in urban solid waste management in developing countries. ........... 91 4.3 Setting and data ........................................................................................................ 95 4.4 Results and discussion ............................................................................................. 99 4.4.1 Characteristics of informal waste providers in Kampala ................................... 99 4.4.2 Income category of service recipients .............................................................. 100 4.4.3 Quality of services provided ............................................................................ 106 4.4.4 Incomes earned by informal refuse collectors .................................................... 107 4.4.5 Future plans of informal sector collectors ........................................................ 110 4.4.6 Links between the formal sector and informal collectors ................................ 111 4.4.7 Legal recognition.............................................................................................. 113 ii 4.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 115 CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL LEGACIES OF MAJOR EVENTS. SOLID WASTE MANAGMENT AND THE COMMONWEALTH HEADS OF GOVERNMENT‟S MEETING (CHOGM) IN KAMPALA. ......................................................................... 117 Abstract ........................................................................................................................ 118 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 119 5.2 Major events and their environmental legacies ...................................................... 120 5.2.1 Mega and major events .................................................................................... 120 5.2.2 Major events and the environment ................................................................... 123 5.3 Data and methods of investigation ......................................................................... 125 5.4 CHOGM and its effects on solid waste management ............................................ 131 5.4.1 Solid waste management before CHOGM ....................................................... 131 5.4.2 Preparing for CHOGM ..................................................................................... 133 5.4.3 Perceptions of solid waste management practices and environmental effects . 135 5.4.4 Assessment of environmental legacy institutionalization ................................ 139 5.5 Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 146 CHAPTER 6: DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ................................................. 149 6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 150 6.2 Synthesis of the main study findings ..................................................................... 153 6.3 Policy implications ................................................................................................. 158 6.4 Limitations and suggestions for further research ................................................... 161 References .................................................................................................................... 164 Summary ...................................................................................................................... 176 Samenvatting ................................................................................................................ 181 About the Author ......................................................................................................... 186 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 General Waste Composition in Kampala………………………………….…..14 Table 1.2 Description of data sets constructed for this research…………………………27 Table 2.1 Socio-demographic characteristics of respondents……………………....……40 Table 2.2 Frequency of collection of waste from households………………………...…43 Table 2.3 Satisfaction with service provision……………………………………………46 Table 3.1 Households by disposal systems used in 1996-2001 and by system used in 2002-2007…………………..............…………………………………………………....66