Security sector reform in post-conflict environments: An analysis of coherence and sequencing in Mozambique. Examining Peacebuilding Challenges of Defence, Police and Justice Reforms in a Neo-Liberal Era Item Type Thesis Authors Abdulcarimo Lala, Anicia Rights <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by-nc-nd/3.0/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by- nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png" /></a><br />The University of Bradford theses are licenced under a <a rel="license" href="http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/">Creative Commons Licence</a>. Download date 30/09/2021 20:45:07 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10454/13943 University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. 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SECURITY SECTOR REFORM IN POST-CONFLICT ENVIRONMENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF COHERENCE AND SEQUENCING IN MOZAMBIQUE Examining Peacebuilding Challenges of Defence, Police and Justice Reforms in a Neo-Liberal Era Volume II of II Anícia ABDULCARIMO LALÁ Submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy DEPARTMENT OF PEACE STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD 2014 Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE: Introduction..........................................................................1 Section A – Genesis, rationale and relevance of the research topic.................1 1.1 Setting the scene.........................................................................................1 1.2 The state of research...................................................................................6 1.3 SSR concept and practice: genesis and synopsis of the existing critique.13 1.3.1 The Concept of SSR.........................................................................13 1.4 Research question.....................................................................................16 1.5 Levels of analysis and timelines................................................................20 1.6 The relevance of a case study on Mozambique........................................22 1.7 Importance of research..............................................................................24 1.8 Contribution to knowledge.........................................................................28 Section B – Research methodology................................................................31 1.9 Methodology..............................................................................................31 1.9.1 Research Strategy............................................................................32 1.9.2 Fieldwork...........................................................................................34 1.9.3 Data Collection..................................................................................38 1.9.4 Semi-Structured Interviews...............................................................38 1.10 Ethical considerations.............................................................................47 1.10.1 Informed Consent, Confidentiality and Anonymity.......................47 1.10.2 Access and Gate-Keeper Involvement.........................................49 Section C – Thesis Structure...........................................................................50 1.11 Chapter summary....................................................................................50 i CHAPTER TWO: Literature Review..............................................................56 2.1 SSR in the context of IR theory – a brief overview....................................60 2.1.1 IR Theory and SSR – Summary and Conclusion.............................67 2.2 SSR and the security-development nexus in the context of the liberal peacebuilding critique...............................................................................70 2.2.1 SSR and the Withering Away of Politics...........................................72 2.2.2 SSR and the International Political Economy of Aid.........................83 2.2.3 SSR and Liberal Peacebuilding Critique – Progress and Limits.....86 2.3 Complementing the liberal peace critique: critical juncture, path dependence and institutional bricolage as analytical tools........................88 2.3.1 Historical Institutionalism, Path Dependence and Critical Junctures..........................................................................................89 2.3.2 Sociological Institutionalism and Institutional Bricolage..................95 2.4 Conclusion...............................................................................................100 CHAPTER THREE: Mozambique´s Post-Independence Political Economy and the Roots of the Civil War..................................103 3.1. Introduction.............................................................................................103 3.2 Frelimo´s state-building project and post-independence armed conflict.105 3.2.1 Transitioning into a Fragile Independence.....................................105 3.2.2. Ethnicity and Corruption: Begging to Differ from the Rest...........107 3.2.3 Ideology and the Quest for National Identity..................................111 3.2.4 Flawed Economic Policies.............................................................113 3.2.5 Inherited Economic Vulnerabilities.................................................116 3.2.6 In the Epicentre of International and Regional Dynamics: RENAMOS´s Creation and Survival...............................................118 3.3 Conclusion...............................................................................................122 ii CHAPTER FOUR: Revisiting the Past–Historical Roots Mozambique´s Security Challenges.....................................................124 4.1 Introduction..............................................................................................124 4.2 The state security and justice systems between 1975-1992...................127 4.2.1 Defence..........................................................................................129 4.2.2 Public Security................................................................................137 4.2.3 Justice............................................................................................144 4.3 Linkages between the justice and security systems and their implications for coherence and sequencing................................................................159 4.4 Conclusion...............................................................................................167 CHAPTER FIVE: Sequencing in Mozambique´s Transitions: Economic Liberalisation, Peacebuilding and Democratisation in Perspective....................................................................172 5.1 Introduction..............................................................................................172 5.2 Sequencing Mozambique´s triple transition.............................................175 5.2.1 Sequencing and Institution Building...............................................180 5.3 Economic liberalisation, peacebuilding and security dynamics.............183 5.3.1 Reconstruction and Structural Adjustment at Odds.......................184 5.3.2 The Influence of Economic Liberalisation on Security Changes.191 5.4 Economic liberalisation and democratisation...........................................203 5.4.1 Democratisation and Corruption.....................................................203 5.4.2 Political Expediency and Survival Tactics......................................209 5.4.3 Democratic Deficit and Political Bricolage......................................220 5.5 Conclusion...............................................................................................230 CHAPTER SIX: Disowned by inheritance – Mozambique´s General Peace Agreement and its implications for the Post-War Security System...............................................................................234 6.1 Introduction..............................................................................................234 6.2 Negotiating the peace: wading through novelty, mistrust and the unknown..................................................................................................236 iii 6.3 Implementing GPA security provisions in a crisis-induced transition.....244 6.3.1 DDR................................................................................................246 6.3.2 Defence..........................................................................................258 6.3.3 Provisions for the Police and Intelligence Services........................265 6.3.4 Reconciliation and the Absence of Justice.....................................283 6.4 Conclusion...............................................................................................299 CHAPTER SEVEN: Mozambique´s Post–Civil War Justice and Security System Challenges....................................................302 7.1 Introduction..............................................................................................302 7.2 Mozambique´s post-civil war justice and security framework..................304 7.2.1 Institutional Architecture.................................................................304 7.2.2 Security Decision-Making and Oversight Framework....................310 7.3 Policy-making in the