THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CAPE SOUNION The Importance of the Cape for the Broader Region of Sounion and the Athenian Polis Alexandros Mourtzos MA (Research) Thesis Ancient Studies Utrecht University Alexandros Mourtzos 5841763 [email protected] Supervisors: Prof. Dr. Josine Blok Dr. Floris van den Eijnde 21/6/2018 Cover Image: Mariketi Graikioti, Cape Sounion from the west. 2 CONTENTS Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER 1 The History of Cape Sounion, An Analysis ....................................................................... 11 1. 1 The Promontory (PLATE 1) ...................................................................................... 13 1. 2 The Sanctuary of Poseidon (PLATE 2) ...................................................................... 15 1.2.1 The Archaic Temple ................................................................................................ 17 1.2.2 The Classical Temple (PLATES 3-4) ......................................................................... 19 1.2.3 The Sanctuary’s Walls and other Structures .......................................................... 20 1.2.4 The Fort and Settlement ......................................................................................... 21 1.2.5 The Landfill and the Bothros ................................................................................... 22 1.2.6 A Cult of Herakles? ................................................................................................. 24 1. 3 The Sanctuary of Athena (Plates 9-10) .................................................................... 27 1.3.1 The Small Temple ................................................................................................... 29 1.3.2 The Large “Unusual” Temple .................................................................................. 31 1.3.3 Other Structures ..................................................................................................... 32 1.3.4 The Sanctuary’s Wall and the Oval Enclosure ........................................................ 33 1.3.5 The landfill and the Bothros ................................................................................... 33 1.3.6 A Cult of Phrontis? .................................................................................................. 35 1. 4 Other Deities of the Promontory ............................................................................ 37 1. 5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 2 A Place of Mediation, Competition and Sovereignty? ...................................................... 40 2.1. The two Gods of the Promontory ................................................................................. 40 2.1.1 Poseidon ................................................................................................................. 41 2.1.2 Athena .................................................................................................................... 45 2.1.3 The Relationship Between the Two Gods .............................................................. 47 2.2 Discussing the Offerings from the Bothroi .................................................................... 50 2.3 The Kouroi ..................................................................................................................... 53 2.3.1 Uses and Meaning of the Kouros Type ................................................................... 54 2.3.2 What did the Kouroi Represent and to Whom they were Dedicated? .................. 56 3 2.3.3 Who were the dedicators? ..................................................................................... 59 2.3.4 Why were the Kouroi Erected on the Promontory? ............................................... 59 2.4 An Examination of the Frieze of the Classical Temple of Poseidon .............................. 61 2.5 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 64 CHAPTER 3 The Laureotike Region and its Importance for the Athenian Polis .................................... 66 3.1 The Pre-Kleisthenic Era .................................................................................................. 67 3.2 The Post Kleisthenic Era – The Sounion Demos ............................................................ 70 3.2.1 The Inhabited Areas and the Centres of the Demos .............................................. 71 3.2.2 Public Buildings ....................................................................................................... 73 3.3 The Mines and their Importance for the Polis and the Sounion Demos ...................... 75 3.3.1 The Beginning of the Mining Activity ..................................................................... 75 3.3.2 Ownership of the Mines and the Revenues of the Polis ........................................ 77 3.3.3 Benefits from the Silver Mining .............................................................................. 80 3.4 Roads ............................................................................................................................ 81 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 4 Other Rural Sanctuaries on the Borders of Attica ............................................................ 85 4.1 Eleusis ............................................................................................................................ 86 4.2 Brauron .......................................................................................................................... 89 4.3 Rhamnous ...................................................................................................................... 90 4.4 Mounichia ...................................................................................................................... 92 4.5 Conclusion – A Comparison of the Sanctuaries ............................................................ 94 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 97 LIST OF PLATES ............................................................................................................. 102 PLATES ........................................................................................................................ 106 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 130 4 Abbreviations GHI Rhodes, P.J. and Osborne R. (2003) Greek Historical Inscriptions 404-323 BC, Oxford University Press. IG Inscriptiones Graecae. NM National Museum of Archeology, Athens. 5 INTRODUCTION The voyage from the main port of Athens, Piraeus, to the Aegean islands, is always a pleasant experience. During the first hour of the journey the ship sails along the southeast side of the Attic peninsula. Before leaving the Saronic Gulf and finally entering the Aegean Sea, the ship passes in front of the southernmost point of Attica, the triangular promontory of Sounion. At that point the traveler has the chance to admire the outstanding Classical marble temple of Poseidon positioned on the edge of the high cliff, 60 meters above the sea. However, the sanctuary of the sea god is not the only one on the promontory. On a lower hill, just a little further north, lie the ruins of the Classical temple of Athena. The third eastern hill has –apart from two early Helladic graves– no archaeological interest. A pavilion has been set up there for the tourists who visit the two archaeological sites.1 The cape is the last piece of Attic land which the traveler observes before entering the Aegean Sea, and the first when he returns to Athens. The situation was the same for a traveler in ancient times. Indeed, according to the primary literary sources, Cape Sounion was known as a landmark to ancient sailors and merchants.2 The uniqueness of the promontory is more than visible. It is located in the middle of various sea-routes and its huge steep cliff transformed it into a natural defensible fort. Thus, the location of the sanctuaries was not a random one. The cape was of major importance for the Athenians for many reasons which I would like to research. According to the archeological finds, Cape Sounion was no exception to the expansion of the cult activity which took place in Attica from the early 8th until the late 7th century BC.3 At the beginning of the 7th century BC –if not earlier– the sanctuaries of Poseidon and Athena were established on the promontory. Possibly, 1 Dinsmoor (1971): 1-2. The graves have been discovered by Theocharis. For more see Theocharis (1955): 287. 2 The first reference to Sounion, can be found in Odyssey (3.276- 285), where it is mentioned as “Σούνιον ἰρὸν, ἄκρον Ἀθηνέων”. [ “Holy Sounion, the cape of Athens”. Translation by Theodoropoulou-Polychroniadis (2015): 242.] From the 5th century B.C. onwards, the promontory appears frequently in the works of the ancient authors. Notably, Strabo examines its location. For more see Strabo 2.1.40, 9.1.1., 9.1.21. 3 Parker (1996):