The Copyright notice printed on page 4 applies to the use of this PDF. This PDF is not to be posted on websites. Links should be made to: FNZ.LandcareResearch.co.nz EDITORIAL BOARD Dr R. M. Emberson, c/- Department of Ecology, P.O. Box 84, Lincoln University, New Zealand Dr M. J. Fletcher, Director of the Collections, NSW Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia Dr R. J. B. Hoare, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Dr M.-C. Larivière, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Mr R. L. Palma, Natural Environment Department, Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, P.O. Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand SERIES EDITOR Dr T. K. Crosby, Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand Fauna of New Zealand Ko te Aitanga Pepeke o Aotearoa Number / Nama 63 Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera): catalogue M.-C. Larivière1, M. J. Fletcher2, and A. Larochelle3 1, 3 Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand 2 Industry & Investment NSW, Orange Agricultural Institute, Orange NSW 2800, Australia 1 [email protected], 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] with colour photographs by B. E. Rhode Manaaki W h e n u a P R E S S Lincoln, Canterbury, New Zealand 2010 4 Larivière, Fletcher & Larochelle (2010): Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) Copyright © Landcare Research New Zealand Ltd 2010 No part of this work covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means (graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping information retrieval systems, or otherwise) without the written permission of the publisher. Cataloguing in publication Larivière, Marie-Claude Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera) : catalogue / M.-C. Larivière, M. J. Fletcher and A. Larochelle ; with colour photographs by B. E. Rhode. – Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. : Manaaki Whenua Press, 2010. (Fauna of New Zealand, ISSN 0111-5383 (print), ISSN 1179-7193 (online) ; no. 63). ISBN 978-0-478-34720-3 (print) ISBN 978-0-478-34721-0 (online) I. Fletcher, M. J. II. Larochelle, André, 1940 Apr. 10– III. Title IV. Series UDC 595.753 Suggested citation: Larivière, M.-C.; Fletcher, M. J.; Larochelle, A. 2010. Auchenorrhyncha (Insecta: Hemiptera): catalogue. Fauna of New Zealand 63, 232 pp. Prepared for publication by the series editor and the authors using computer-based text processing, layout, and printing at Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. Colour photographs prepared by Dr B. E. Rhode using a 3-CCD colour video camera, software to increase depth-of-field, and the photoprocessing software PhotoShop® To access on-line extracts and medium-resolution pdfs from this series visit: http://fnz.landcareresearch.co.nz/ M~ori text by H. Jacob, Ætaki. Published by Manaaki Whenua Press, Landcare Research, P.O. Box 40, Lincoln, Canterbury, N.Z. Website: http://www.mwpress.co.nz/ Printed by PrintLink Ltd, Wellington Date of publication 16 June 2010 Front cover: Thanatodictya tillyardi Myers, family Dictyopharidae (Illustrator: D. W. Helmore). Publication of the Fauna of New Zealand series is the result of a research investment by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. Fauna of New Zealand 63 5 POPULAR SUMMARY HE WHAKARAPOPOTOTANGA Class Insecta Order Hemiptera Suborder Auchenorrhyncha Cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, and allies (Auchenorrhyncha) The Auchenorrhyncha are generally regarded as a suborder of the Hemiptera. They include planthoppers, cicadas, froghoppers, spittlebugs, treehoppers, and leafhoppers. These insects are highly diverse and form a major component of the plant-feeding fauna of most terrestrial ecosystems. Auchenorrhyncha have adopted varied life habits on nearly Illustration / Whakaahua: Sulix tasmani (Muir), family all continents and islands (except Antarctica) and there may Delphacidae (Illustrator / Kaiwhakaahua: D. W. Helmore). be around 42 000 species described worldwide. The world fauna is divided into roughly 30 to 40 families. The number of species of better known continental faunas such as North America, Europe or Australia may include thousands of spe- Ng~ kihikihi, ng~ peke-rau, ng~ peke-tipu, me Ç r~tou cies. Compared with these larger regions the New Zealand uri tata (ar~ , a ng~ i Auchenorrhyncha) fauna – currently comprising 12 families, 68 genera and 196 E whakaaetia nuitia ana he pãtoi-iti a ng~i Auchenorrhyncha species – may appear relatively small but what it lacks in size nÇ ng~i Hemiptera. Kei t‘nei karangatanga ng~ ng~rara it makes up for in uniqueness, e.g., 82% of known species do peke-tipu, ng~ kihikihi, ng~ peke-poraka, ng~ p§tara-tuha, not occur anywhere else in the world. From this point of view ng~ peke-r~kau, me ng~ peke-rau. He matahuhua tonu te New Zealand can be regarded as a biodiversity “hot spot” for rÇpã nei, ~, ko r~tou t‘tahi w~hanga nui o ng~ hanga ora kai this group of insects. New genera and species will be discov- tipu o ng~ pãnaha hauropi noho papa. He maha ~ r~tou ered in the future and once fully described the New Zealand urutaunga taha whanonga i ng~ whenua me ng~ moutere fauna may reach 300 to 350 species. katoa (h~unga anÇ Te KÇpakatanga ki te Tonga), ~, e Auchenorrhyncha can be distinguished from other Hemi- whakapaetia ana kei te ~hua 42 000 ng~ momo i ng~ tini ptera suborders on the basis of three main characteristics: kokonga o te ao, kua oti te whakaahua ~-kupu. NÇ ng~ sucking mouthparts in the form of a beak extending from the wh~nau e 30–40 ‘nei momo. T‘r~ pea kei ng~ mano ng~ back of the head – the name Auchenorrhyncha literally means momo o ‘tahi o ng~ taupori e kaha ake ana te mÇhiotia, “neck-beaks”; relatively short and bristle-like antennae; and p‘r~ i ‘r~ o Amerika ki te Raki, o âropi, o Ahitereiria. Ina forewings of uniform texture (entirely membranous or leath- whakatairitea ng~ mea o konei ki ‘r~, he huinga iti tonu, in~ ery) resting rooflike over the abdomen. r~, 12 ng~ wh~nau, e, 68 ng~ puninga, 196 ng~ momo. In this volume, four questions most commonly asked Engari ahakoa iti, he pounamu. In~ r~, ko t‘tahi 82% o ng~ about a group of insects are being answered: What, where, momo o konei e mÇhiotia ana, k~ore i whenua k‘. N~ reira when and how? What Auchenorrhyncha occur in New Zealand, me k§ p‘nei ake, he w~hi whakahirahira a Aotearoa mÇ te what is their status (e.g., native, introduced from elsewhere, matahuhua-koiora o t‘nei karangatanga pepeke. K~ore e pests, disease vectors)? What are the resources available to kore ka kitea he puninga anÇ, he momo anÇ ~ tÇna w~, ~, ina identify and study them? Where do species and genera occur oti te whakaahua ~-kupu, t‘r~ ka piki te maha o ng~ momo (e.g., geographic distribution in New Zealand and overseas, ki te 300–350. habitats, dispersal abilities)? When are they active (e.g., sea- E toru ng~ ~huatanga matua e noho wehe ai ng~ sonal activity, mating, egg-laying, wintering)? How do they Auchenorrhyncha i ‘r~ atu pãtoi-iti o ng~i Hemiptera: ko live (e.g., food preferences, hostplants, natural enemies)? ng~ w~hanga ngote o te waha – ar~, he ngutu e toro ana atu New Zealand Auchenorrhyncha are generally active dur- i te murikÇkai — ko te tikanga hoki o te ingoa ing the day and live in lowland to mountain forests and Auchenorrhyncha, ko te “ngutu-kak§”; ko te poto o ng~ shrublands, although a number of groups are typically found pãhihi — me te tarakina te rite; kotahi anÇ te kakano o ng~ in more open habitats, such as tussock grasslands, and in parihau o mua (he kiriuhi katoa, he kirikau katoa r~nei) e subalpine environments. Native species usually live within noho ‘tuanui’ mai ana ki te puku. the confines of their natural habitats but some species also I t‘nei putanga, ka whakautua ng~ momo p~tai e wh~ e live in modified ecosystems and exotic tree plantations. De- uia nuitia ana mÇ ng~ aitanga pepeke, koia ‘nei: he aha, kei pending on families and genera, species can be predominantly hea, ~hea, p‘hea? He aha ng~ Auchenorrhyncha kei Aotearoa active on low plants, trees and shrubs, or even the ground e noho ana, he aha Ç r~tou tãranga (e.g., he momo m~ori, surface. Hostplants are known for less than 20% of species. he r~waho, he momo takakino, he whakawhiti tahumaero)? The recognisable features and biology of the immature stages He aha ng~ rauemi e w~tea ana hei tautohu, hei rangahau i (nymphs) are unknown for the majority of species. Anec- ng~ pepeke nei? Kei hea ake ng~ momo me ng~ puninga dotal evidence suggests that parasitic wasps, birds, predatory (e.g., i Aotearoa, i t~w~hi, ng~ k~inga noho, te kaha ki te beetles, spiders, and mites may be among the major natural whakap§rara haere)? }hea ka kori ake (e.g., ng~ koringa ~- enemies of New Zealand Auchenorrhyncha. Overall, about kaupeka, te whakaputa uri, te wh~nau hua, te ~hua i te 25% of the fauna is short-winged or wingless. Active dispersal takurua)? He p‘hea te ~hua o te noho (e.g., ng~ tino kai, ng~ by flight is therefore unlikely for these species. tipu ka ~ta nohoia, ng~ hoariri m~ori)? (continued overleaf) (haere tonu) 6 The described New Zealand fauna, with 196 species, is Ko te nuinga o ng~ Auchenorrhyncha o Aotearoa, he about 13% the size of the known Australian fauna which has kori awatea. Kitea ai i ng~ ngahere me ng~ w~hi ururua mai around 1500 species.