Cover drawing by Claude Lumen (my father-in-law) and description of the cover by Jacqueline Magis and Eric Thys (my parents): From one shore to another, from one ocean to another, from one discipline to another, My barque of anthropologist, Charged with new experiences between humans, animals and their environment, Docks to join the luminous white house, Meeting place of knowledge and sciences exchanges. Pictures of the page chapters by Séverine Thys taken during fieldworks. Dissertation submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor (PhD) in Veterinary Sciences, 2019 Promoters: Prof. Dr. Sarah Gabriël Prof. Dr. Pierre Dorny Prof. Dr. Marleen Boelaert Laboratory of Foodborne Parasitic Zoonoses Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................. 11 ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................... 13 GENERAL INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW: NEGLECTED ZOONOTIC DISEASES IN GENERAL, THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THREE SELECTED NEGLECTED ZOONOTIC DISEASES AND THE ROLE OF ANTHROPOLOGY IN THE CONTROL ............................................... 19 1.1 Neglected Zoonotic Diseases ............................................................................... 20 1.1.1 The “Zoonotic” component ...................................................................................... 20 1.1.2. The “Neglected” component .................................................................................... 22 1.1.3. The “One Health” approach ..................................................................................... 24 1.2 Case-studies of three NZDs: Cystic echinococcosis, Taenia solium taeniasis- cysticercosis and rabies ......................................................................................... 26 1.2.1 Cystic echinococcosis ................................................................................................ 27 1.2.2 Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis ....................................................................... 36 1.2.3 Rabies........................................................................................................................ 49 1.3 Role of Anthropology in Neglected Zoonotic Diseases integrated control and in the “One Health” movement....................................................................................... 62 1.3.1 Anthropology and Health, the concept of “culture” applied to livestock owners and zoonotic risks ............................................................................................................ 63 1.3.2 Anthropology and Health, the concept of “culture” applied to human-animal interactions ............................................................................................................... 67 1.3.3 Anthropology and “One Health” as an integrated control approach ....................... 70 1.4 References .......................................................................................................... 75 RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES .................................................................................. 101 Rationale ....................................................................................................................... 102 Objectives ..................................................................................................................... 103 References ..................................................................................................................... 103 CHAPTER 2 MATERIALS AND METHODS: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ........................... 105 2.1 Qualitative research: Definition and Methods .................................................... 106 2.1.1 Qualitative research in Health ................................................................................ 106 2.1.2 Main qualitative methods ...................................................................................... 108 2.1.3 Sampling strategies in QLR ..................................................................................... 110 2.2 Anthropological posture within a disease control driven conceptual framing ...... 112 2.3 Case-studies materials and methods .................................................................. 114 2.3.1 Criteria guiding the selection of the three case-studies ........................................ 114 2.3.2 Methodological approach chosen .......................................................................... 114 2.3.3 Focus Group Discussions method .......................................................................... 116 2.3.4 Common features of the study design and procedure followed for the three case- studies .................................................................................................................... 117 2.3.5 Permanent reflexivity ............................................................................................. 125 2.4 References ........................................................................................................ 128 CHAPTER 3 COMMUNITY PERCEPTION AND KNOWLEDGE OF CYSTIC ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN THE HIGH ATLAS MOUNTAINS, MOROCCO .......................................................... 131 3.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 132 3.2 Materials and methods ...................................................................................... 135 3.2.1 Study area .............................................................................................................. 135 3.2.2 Study design ........................................................................................................... 135 3.2.3 Data collection ....................................................................................................... 137 3.2.4 Data processing and analysis ................................................................................. 138 3.2.5 Ethical considerations ............................................................................................ 139 3.3 Results .............................................................................................................. 139 3.3.1 Life cycle of the parasite and knowledge gaps ...................................................... 139 3.3.2 Dogs: perception, role, and status ......................................................................... 143 3.3.3 Sheep management and slaughtering practices .................................................... 147 3.3.4 Control measures: pros and cons ........................................................................... 149 3.3.5 Additional measures suggested by the participants .............................................. 152 3.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 154 3.5 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 159 3.6 Supplementary information ............................................................................... 161 3.6.1 Focus Group Discussion guides (Men, Women and Butchers) in English. ............. 161 3.6.2 Illustrative quotes from the Focus Groups Discussions (“a” to “n”) ...................... 165 3.7 References ........................................................................................................ 167 CHAPTER 4 COMMUNITIES’ PERCEPTIONS, KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES IN A TAENIA SOLIUM ENDEMIC RURAL AREA IN EASTERN ZAMBIA PART 1: WHY LATRINES ARE NOT USED ....................................................................................................................... 171 4.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................... 172 4.2 Materials and methods...................................................................................... 173 4.2.1 Study area ............................................................................................................... 173 4.2.2 Study design ............................................................................................................ 175 4.2.3 Data collection ........................................................................................................ 177 4.2.4 Data processing and analysis .................................................................................. 178 4.2.5 Ethical considerations ............................................................................................. 178 4.3 Results .............................................................................................................. 178 4.3.1 Latrine availability ................................................................................................... 182 4.3.2 Latrine use .............................................................................................................. 185 4.4 Discussion ......................................................................................................... 191 4.5 Conclusions ......................................................................................................