Animal Rights The International Library of Essays on Rights Series Editor: Tom Campbell Titles in the Series: Disability Rights Human Rights and Corporations Peter Blanck David Kinley The Right to a Fair Trial Genocide and Human Rights Thom Brooks Mark Lattimer Indigenous Rights Animal Rights Anthony J. Connolly Clare Palmer Civil Rights and Security Social Rights David Dyzenhaus Lord Raymond Plant and Selina Chen Children’s Rights, Volumes I and II Gender and Rights Michael D.A. Freeman Deborah L. Rhode and Carol Sanger Language and Cultural Rights Health Rights Leslie Green Michael Selgelid and Thomas Pogge Consumer Rights Theories of Rights Geraint Howells and Iain Ramsay C.L. Ten Group Rights Bills of Rights Peter Jones Mark Tushnet Animal Rights Edited by Clare Palmer Washington University in St Louis, USA © Clare Palmer 2008. For copyright of individual articles please refer to the Acknowledgements. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. Wherever possible, these reprints are made from a copy of the original printing, but these can themselves be of very variable quality. Whilst the publisher has made every effort to ensure the quality of the reprint, some variability may inevitably remain. Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Gower House Croft Road Aldershot Hampshire GU11 3HR England Ashgate Publishing Company Suite 420 101 Cherry Street Burlington, VT 05401-4405 USA Ashgate website: http://www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Animal rights. – (The international library of essays on rights) 1. Animal rights 2. Human-animal relationships 3. Animal welfare – Law and legislation I. Palmer, Clare, 1967– 179.3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2007930998 ISBN: 978–0–7546–2741–8 Contents Acknowledgements ix Series Preface xi Introduction xiii PART I ARGUMENTS IN FAVOUR OF ANIMAL RIGHTS 1 Peter Singer (1976), ‘All Animals Are Equal’, in Tom Regan and Peter Singer (eds), Animal Rights and Human Obligations, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 73–86. 3 2 Tom Regan (1985), ‘The Case for Animal Rights’, in Peter Singer (ed.), In Defense of Animals, New York: Harper & Row, pp. 13–26. 17 3 Mary Anne Warren (1983), ‘The Rights of the Nonhuman World’, in Robert Elliot and Arran Gare (eds), Environmental Philosophy, St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press, pp. 109–34. 31 4 James Rachels (1989), ‘Why Animals Have a Right to Liberty’, in Peter Singer and Tom Regan (eds), Animal Rights and Human Obligations (2nd edn), Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, pp. 122–31. 57 PART II CRITICAL VIEWS ON ANIMAL RIGHTS – AND SOME RESPONSES 5 R.G. Frey (1977), ‘Animal Rights’, Analysis, 37, pp.186–89. 69 6 Dale Jamieson and Tom Regan (1978), ‘Animal Rights: A Reply to Frey’, Analysis, 38, pp. 32–36. 73 7 H.J. McCloskey (1979), ‘Moral Rights and Animals’, Inquiry, 22, pp. 23–54. 79 8 Evelyn B. Pluhar (1981), ‘Must an Opponent of Animal Rights also be an Opponent of Human Rights?’, Inquiry, 24, pp. 229–41. 111 9 Jan Narveson (1983), ‘Animal Rights Revisited’, in Harlan B. Miller and William H. Williams (eds), Ethics and Animals, Clifton, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 45–59. 125 10 Paul W. Taylor (1987), ‘Inherent Value and Moral Rights’, Monist, 70, pp. 15–30. 149 11 Peter Singer (1987), ‘Animal Liberation or Animal Rights?’, Monist, 70, pp. 3–14. 165 12 Dale Jamieson (1990), ‘Rights, Justice, and Duties to Provide Assistance: A Critique of Regan’s Theory of Rights’, Ethics, 100, pp. 349–62. 177 13 Josephine Donovan (1990), ‘Animal Rights and Feminist Theory’, Signs, 15, pp. 350–75. 191 14 Mark Sagoff (1984), ‘Animal Liberation and Environmental Ethics: Bad Marriage, Quick Divorce’, Osgood Hall Law Review, 22, pp. 297–307. 217 vi Animal Rights 15 Ted Benton (1993), ‘Animal Rights and Social Relations’, in Andrew Dobson and Paul Lucardie (eds), The Politics of Nature, London: Routledge, pp. 161–76. 229 16 Keith Burgess-Jackson (1998), ‘Doing Right by our Animal Companions’, Journal of Ethics, 2, pp. 159–85. 245 PART III ANIMAL RIGHTS AND HUMAN USES 17 Cora Diamond (1978), ‘Eating Meat and Eating People’, Philosophy, 53, pp. 465–79. 275 18 Tom Regan (1980), ‘Utilitarianism, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 9, pp. 305–24. 291 19 Bernard E. Rollin (1991), ‘Social Ethics, Animal Rights, and Agriculture’, in Charles Blatz (ed.), Ethics and Agriculture, Moscow: University of Idaho Press, pp. 458–66. 311 20 Carl Cohen (1986), ‘The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research’, New England Journal of Medicine, 315, pp. 865–66. 321 21 Nathan Nobis (2004), ‘On Carl Cohen’s “Kind” Arguments For Animal Rights and Against Animal Rights’, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 21, pp. 43–59. 327 22 Neil Levy (2004), ‘Cohen and Kinds: A Response to Nathan Nobis’, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 21, pp. 213–17. 345 23 Deborah Slicer (1991), ‘Your Daughter or Your Dog? A Feminist Assessment of the Animal Research Issue’, Hypatia, 6, pp. 108–24. 351 24 David Degrazia (1999), ‘The Ethics of Animal Research: What are the Prospects for Agreement?’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 8, pp. 23–34. 369 25 Donald G. Lindburg (1999), ‘Zoos and the Rights of Animals’, Zoo Biology, 18, pp. 433–48. 381 PART IV POLITICAL AND LEGAL RIGHTS FOR ANIMALS 26 Joel Feinberg (1978), ‘Human Duties and Animal Rights’, in Richard Morris and Michael Fox (eds), On The Fifth Day: Animal Rights and Human Ethics, Acropolis Books: Washington DC, pp. 45–69. 399 27 Gary L. Francione (2006), ‘Taking Sentience Seriously’, Journal of Animal Law and Ethics, 1, pp. 1–20. 425 28 Richard A. Epstein (2002), ‘Animals as Subjects, or Objects, of Rights’, in Martha Nussbaum and Cass Sunstein (eds), Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 143–61. 447 29 John Hadley (2005), ‘Nonhuman Animal Property: Reconciling Environmentalism and Animal Rights’, Journal of Social Philosophy, 36, pp. 305–15. 467 Animal Rights vii 30 Steven M. Wise (2001), ‘A Great Shout: Legal Rights for Great Apes’, in Benjamin B. Beck et al. (eds), Great Apes and Humans, Washington, DC and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 274–94. 479 31 Robert Goodin, Carole Pateman and Roy Pateman (1997), ‘Simian Sovereignty’, Political Theory, 25, pp. 821–49. 501 Index 531 Acknowledgements The editor and publishers wish to thank the following for permission to use copyright material. Blackwell Publishing for the essays: Tom Regan (1985), ‘The Case for Animal Rights’, in Peter Singer (ed.), In Defense of Animals, New York: Harper & Row, pp. 13–26; Tom Regan (1980), ‘Utilitarianism, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights’, Philosophy and Public Affairs, 9, pp. 305–24; Neil Levy (2004), ‘Cohen and Kinds: A Response to Nathan Nobis’, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 21, pp. 213–17. Copyright © 2004 Society for Applied Philosophy; John Hadley (2005), ‘Nonhuman Animal Property: Reconciling Environmentalism and Animal Rights’, Journal of Social Philosophy, 36, pp. 305–15. Copyright © 2005 Blackwell Publishing; Nathan Nobis (2004), ‘On Carl Cohen’s “Kind” Argument For Animal Rights and Against Animal Rights’, Journal of Applied Philosophy, 21, pp. 43–59. Copyright © 2004 Society for Applied Philosophy. Cambridge University Press for the essays: Cora Diamond (1978), ‘Eating Meat and Eating People’, Philosophy, 53, pp. 465–79. Copyright © Royal Institute of Philosophy; David Degrazia (1999), ‘The Ethics of Animal Research: What are the Prospects for Agreement?’, Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 8, pp. 23–34. Copyright © 1999 Cambridge University Press. Copyright Clearance Center for the essays: Robert Goodin, Carole Pateman and Roy Pateman (1997), ‘Simian Sovereignty’, Political Theory, 25, pp. 821–49. Copyright © 1997 Sage Publications; Steven M. Wise (2001), ‘A Great Shout: Legal Rights for Great Apes’, in Benjamin B. Beck et al. (eds), Great Apes and Humans, Washington, DC and London: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 274–94. Gary L. Francione (2006), ‘Taking Sentience Seriously’, Journal of Animal Law and Ethics, 1, pp.1–20. Copyright © 2006 Gary L. Francione. Indiana University Press for the essay: Deborah Slicer (1991), ‘Your Daughter or Your Dog? A Feminist Assessment of the Animal Research Issue’, Hypatia, 6, pp. 108–24. Copyright © 1991 Deborah Slicer. Oxford University Press for the essay: Richard A. Epstein (2002), ‘Animals as Subjects, or Objects, of Rights’, in Martha Nussbaum and Cass Sunstein (eds), Animal Rights: Current Debates and New Directions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 143–61. Publishing Division of the Massachusetts Medical Society for the essay: Carl Cohen (1986), ‘The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research’, New England Journal of Medicine, 315, pp. 865–66. Copyright © 1986 Massachusetts Medical Society. x Animal Rights Peter Singer (1976), ‘All Animals Are Equal’, in Tom Regan and Peter Singer (eds), Animal Rights and Human Obligations, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 73–86. Copyright © 1976 Peter Singer. Springer for the essay: Jan Narveson (1983), ‘Animal Rights Revisited’, in Harlan B. Miller and William H. Williams (eds), Ethics and Animals, Clifton, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 45–59. Taylor and Francis for the essays: H.J. McCloskey (1979), ‘Moral Rights and Animals’, Inquiry, 22, pp. 23–54; Evelyn B. Pluhar (1981), ‘Must an Opponent of Animal Rights also be an Opponent of Human Rights?’, Inquiry, 24, pp. 229–41. University of Chicago Press for the essay: Josephine Donovan (1990), ‘Animal Rights and Feminist Theory’, Signs, 15, pp. 350–75. Copyright © 1990 University of Chicago Press. Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright holders, but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first opportunity.