PROSTOR 24 [2016] 1 [51] ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING SVEUÈILIŠTE POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT U ZAGREBU, ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY 62-73 Svetislav G. Popoviæ Planning and Creating Planiranje i stvaranje OF ARCHITECTURE Nenad Lipovac Place Identity for Podgorica Prepoznatljivosti mjesta Sanja Vlahoviæ as Observed Through Historic grada Podgorice oèitano kroz ISSN 1330-0652 CODEN PORREV Urban Planning povijesne urbanistièke planove UDK | UDC 71/72 UDC 711.4-122 (16.16 Podgorica) ”19/20” UDK 711.4-122 (16.16 Podgorica) ”19/20” 24 [2016] 1 [51] 1-130 1-6 [2016] Fig. 1 Aerial view of central Podgorica by the confluence of Ribnica and Moraèa River Sl. 1. Zraèna snimka središnjeg dijela Podgorice pokraj ušæa Ribnice u Moraèu PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 24[2016] 1[51] 63 Svetislav G. Popoviæ1, Nenad Lipovac2, Sanja Vlahoviæ1 1 University of Montenegro 1 Univerzitet Crne Gore Faculty of Architecture Arhitektonski fakultet MNE - 81000 Podgorica, George Washington bb MNE - 81000 Podgorica, George Washington bb 2 University of Zagreb 2 Sveuèilište u Zagrebu Faculty of Architecture Arhitektonski fakultet HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 HR - 10000 Zagreb, Kaèiæeva 26 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Preliminary Communication Prethodno priopæenje UDC 711.4-122 (16.16 Podgorica) ”19/20” UDK 711.4-122 (16.16 Podgorica) ”19/20” Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.02. - Urban and Physical Planning 2.01.02. - Urbanizam i prostorno planiranje Article Received / Accepted: 19. 4. 2016. / 7. 6. 2016. Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 19. 4. 2016. / 7. 6. 2016. Planning and Creating Place Identity for Podgorica as Observed Through Historic Urban Planning Planiranje i stvaranje Prepoznatljivosti mjesta grada Podgorice oèitano kroz povijesne urbanistièke planove place identity prepoznatljivost mjesta place-making stvaranje mjesta Podgorica Podgorica Titograd Titograd urban planning urbanistièko planiranje Existing and recognized natural and historic values within a city district play an U stvaranju i održavanju prepoznatljive slike nekoga mjesta veliku ulogu imaju important role in maintaining and creation of the recognizable city image. The postojeæe, a prepoznate prirodne i povijesne vrijednosti unutar podruèja pla- respect of a planner for their perception and conservation can be well ob- niranog za njegov razvoj. Odnos planera prema pravilnoj spoznaji i èuvanju tih served through prepared and adopted urban plans of different levels. Taking vrijednosti može se oèitati kroz izraðene i usvojene urbanistièke planove. Na Podgorica as an example, this paper represents an overview of how these va- primjeru grada Podgorice dan je prikaz naèina prepoznavanja i planerski lues were recognized and implemented in city planning documents. odnos prema tim vrijednostima, od prvih urbanistièkih planova pa do danas. PROSTOR 64 1[51] 24[2016] 62-73 S. G. POPOVIÆ, N. LIPOVAC, S. VLAHOVIÆ Planning and Creating Place Identity… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi INTRODUCTION approaches in conventional planning models and methodologies. The planning ideas and UVOD schemes have been mostly based on the no- tion of creating optimal physical and function- al patterns, while the environment preserva- tion and its resources were reduced to a mere re-recording of facts from previous plans, and which has to be changed in order to preserve the natural diversity and integrity of places and their curtilage. Thus, one of many important urban planners’ responsibilities is capturing the sense of place, a sense that makes the area so special and different from the neighboring one, and keep it not only throughout the entire plan- ning process but also throughout the Place life. A plan, as a step-by-step process, must protect and preserve the unique physical re- sources of each place through time by solv- ing problems, or at least by giving guidelines on how to avoid problems. But in many physical plans the buildable areas were planned regardless the natural (topo- graphic) conditions and features of the area, or real needs. As a result of that neglected- ness, there are numerous buildable areas in close vicinity to valuable natural identity ele- ments or within the viewshed upon such ele- ments, imposing direct (aesthetic) threat to the place identity.4 This is often explained as O ne of the methodological approaches in the political or investor’s demand, but it brings revealing the creation of a place identity is, us to forgetting that the process of Place mak- by no means, a search for and adequate sci- ing should be understood as reaching differ- entific reading of existing historic planning ent goals that are of obvious symbolic, civic documents. Through these documents, the and social interest, but could also open new planer’s attitude towards existing (natural or opportunities for architectural and urban de- 5 historic) values and the importance of pre- velopment. This kind of planning approach serving existing or creating new identity can takes us undoubtedly to waste of space, re- be recognized, determined and implemented gardless the real Place and Region growth and in the future Place creation and management. development needs. The major approaches that are regularly mentioned in the process of urban planning 1 This paper represents preliminary research results on are: Conservation, Preservation and Protec- creation of the identity of Place through the urban planning 1 history for Podgorica, Montenegro. The research is perfor- tion of Place identity. This paper will try to med within the scientific project Heritage Urbanism - Ur- reveal the creation of Place Identity for Pod- ban and Spatial Planning Models for Revival and Enhance- gorica, the capital of Montenegro, as seen ment of Cultural Heritage [HERU-2032] financed by the Croatian Science Foundation, which is being carried out at through the prepared planning documents. the Faculty of Architecture, University of Zagreb, with Prof. Mladen Obad Šæitaroci Ph.D. as a principal scholar. PLACE IDENTITY AND URBAN PLANNING 2 Lipovac, Popoviæ, Robina, 2015: 49 3 The most common problem in planning is the usage PREPOZNATLJIVOST MJESTA of three terms: conservation, preservation and protection. Without their clear and omni acceptable definition it will I URBANISTIÈKO PLANIRANJE be quite impossible to produce plans that will be profes- sionally accepted and enforceable. The natural environment is undoubtedly major 4 Place identity usually refers to a cluster of elements source of identity elements in regional and ur- scoped through geography, urban planning and design, ban planning. The affluence of the natural her- landscape architecture… Methodologies used for under- itage of a region, along with its cultural and standing these elements primarily involve techniques such as mapping the entire range of physical elements from na- historic heritage, requires special attention in tural and cultural environment. Urban planners, along with their detection and valorization. As a result of landscape architects, should use some forms of deliberati- the improved criteria for pre servation of na- ve planning, charettes, public discussions with local com- tural and cultural heritage and a desire for munities as a way of working with and for place identity. self-sustainable development, there is a com- 5 Palermo, 2014: 4 2 6 The Place identity is pretty often understood and re- mon need in today’s planning legal practice cognized as the urban character, or neighborhood cha- to modify professional and legal terms3 and racter, or just a local character. PROSTOR Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Planning and Creating Place Identity… S. G. POPOVIÆ, N. LIPOVAC, S. VLAHOVIÆ 62-73 24[2016] 1[51] 65 Consequently, much has been written about defining a Place is to experience, reveal and the Place Identity and the Sense of Place; two describe its location, along with the sur- terms that are closely related to urban plan- rounding environment and naming all, or at ning. The importance of the Place Identity6 in least most, of the existing elements of iden- urban and physical planning has been recog- tity. However, the description of the location nized differently throughout the planning his- alone is not sufficient to define the entire tory, but the most important approaches can place, its meaning and experience. There- be observed in the last 30 years when It be- fore, the planers need to reveal and use the came a significant issue in urban planning existing elements of identity from the natural and design. This process could be noted in environment11 throughout the entire planning urban plans prepared for Podgorica (Monte- process. Some of the most influential ele- negro), once named Titograd, in former Yugo- ments from natural environment in urban slavia. One of the ways to explore the making planning are the ones known as relief and and changing of the Place identity is obvi- landform which includes all terrain form ap- ously the study of the roots of the Place pearances and water (mountains, hills, val- name, as one of many Place identities is the leys, creeks, rivers, lakes… and their banks). name of a particular Place. However, the The way how these natural features have place names are subject to many changes been used within the