A European roadmap for photonics and nanotechnologies Contents Contents ................................................................................................................................................2 1. Executive summary ....................................................................................................................6 2. Introduction and acknowledgements....................................................................................9 3. Roadmapping methodology..................................................................................................10 4. Applications and devices .......................................................................................................14 4.1. Applications........................................................................................................................................................14 4.2. Devices ................................................................................................................................................................16 4.3. Nanophotonics benefits for each application ..............................................................................................17 4.3.1. Flat Panel Displays...............................................................................................................17 4.3.2. Photovoltaics .......................................................................................................................17 4.3.3. Imaging...............................................................................................................................17 4.3.4. Lighting...............................................................................................................................18 4.3.5. Data storage........................................................................................................................18 4.3.6. Optical interconnects.............................................................................................................18 4.3.7. Data & Telecom ...................................................................................................................18 4.3.8. Sensors ..............................................................................................................................19 4.3.9. Instrumentation ....................................................................................................................19 5. Nanomaterials: challenges and impact ..............................................................................21 5.1. Key nanomaterials for nanophotonics ..........................................................................................................21 5.2. Impact of nanomaterials per nanophotonic applications...........................................................................23 5.3. Nanomaterials challenges................................................................................................................................25 6. Nanophotonics equipment: challenges and impact ........................................................26 7. Synthesis of each application ................................................................................................28 8. Recommendations for European Science and Industry ...................................................36 8.1. Most important nanophotonic devices..........................................................................................................36 8.2. The technical recommendations.....................................................................................................................37 8.2.1. Displays..............................................................................................................................37 8.2.2. Photovoltaics .......................................................................................................................37 8.2.3. Imaging...............................................................................................................................37 8.2.4. Lighting...............................................................................................................................38 8.2.5. Data Storage .......................................................................................................................38 8.2.6. Datacom & Telecom..............................................................................................................38 8.2.7. Sensors ..............................................................................................................................39 8.2.8. Optical Interconnects ............................................................................................................39 2 8.2.9. Instrumentation ....................................................................................................................39 9. Conclusions................................................................................................................................48 Annexes A: Report on the 5 to 10-year roadmap on materials...............................................50 A.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................51 A.2. Materials synthesis ....................................................................................................................52 A.2.1. Quantum dots and wires in silicon.....................................................................................................................52 A.2.2. Quantum dots and wires in III-V materials........................................................................................................53 A.2.3. Quantum dots and wires in II-VI..........................................................................................................................54 A.2.4. Plasmonics in metallic nanostructures .............................................................................................................55 A.2.5. High index-contrast nanostructures in silicon.................................................................................................56 A.2.6. High-index-contrast nanostructures in III-V......................................................................................................57 A.2.7. Microstructured fibres ..........................................................................................................................................58 A.2.8. Organic nanostructures........................................................................................................................................59 A.2.9. Carbon nanotubes.................................................................................................................................................60 A.2.10. Integration of electronics and photonics........................................................................................................61 A.2.11. Nanoparticles in glass or polymer....................................................................................................................62 A.2.12. Left-handed meta-materials...............................................................................................................................64 A.3. Analysis .......................................................................................................................................65 A.4. Timelines for each material .....................................................................................................67 Quantum dots and wires in silicon................................................................................................................................67 Quantum dots and wires in III-V.....................................................................................................................................67 Quantum dots and wires in II-VI.....................................................................................................................................68 Plasmonics in metallic nanostructures ........................................................................................................................69 High index contrast nanostructures in silicon............................................................................................................70 High index contrast nanostructures in III-V .................................................................................................................71 Microstructured fibres .....................................................................................................................................................71 Organic nanostructures...................................................................................................................................................72 Carbon nanotubes ............................................................................................................................................................72 Integration of electronics and photonics .....................................................................................................................73 Nanoparticles in glass or polymer.................................................................................................................................74