COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujdigispace.uj.ac.za (Accessed: Date). NQ A M O1LU B Ii AP Master's Degree in Business Administration (MBA) University of Wales A STUDY OF FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO VIOLENCE IN SOUTH AFRICAN FOOTBALL Student: Ntokobane A. Molubi Student No: (2008761) Supervisor: Dr. J. van Zyl October 2003 DECLARATION I declare that this research is original work. Any other work of a similar nature has been appropriately referenced and this body of work has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any University Ntokobane A. Molubi August 2003 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am grateful to the following people who have made a contribution in assisting me complete this dissertation: My supervisor, Dr. Jacques van Zyl, for his guidance, assistance and for building my confidence. My friends, Tebogo Tlhame, John Manyike and Moeketsi Maraba, for their assistance in the distribution and return of the survey questionnaires and also for the focus group co-ordination. I would not have done it without you gentlemen. My family: my father Leswene Molubi, mother Maureen Molubi, sisters Lorraine Tshabalala, Dimakatso and Nnana Molubi, nephews Lancelot Oliphant, nieces Khumo Molubi and Celiwe Tshabalala for believing in me throughout and never doubting for one second that I will make it. The respondents of the survey questionnaire, without whom this effort could not have borne fruit. The interviewees, who sacrificed their time and gave freely of their input. The focus group for their input and for giving the study balance and credibility. My friend Eddy Gordon and his wife Jess for their motivation and support throughout this dissertation. My wife, Cindy, for her unconditional love and support throughout our very trying times and for believing in me and being my pillar of strength. My colleague and friend, Robert Black for his assistance with editing the graphs and keepings me sane when I was losing my mind and patience. Last, and by no means least, my daughter Boitumelo, for giving me the strength to fight back when I was staring death in the face, knowing that it meant a lot to her for me to bounce back - this one is for you my baby! EXECUTIVE SUMMARY South African football has been besieged by a lot of violence in recent times and as a result has been attracting negative publicity and criticism from a number of sectors domestically. All these developments have been unfolding at a time when South Africa is entering the contest to host the sport's most prestigious tournament, the World Cup (by this the researcher is referring to the unsuccessful 2006 Bid, which was won by Germany and the current 2010 Bid that South Africa appear favou rites to win). There have been a number of tragic incidences in which many people lost their lives and thereby prompting commissions of enquiry being set up to get to the root-causes of the problems with a view to eradicate them. These commissions have been met with scepticism by the public, who alleged that these were disappointing at best and were not addressing real issues but were instead protecting the people in soccer's management from taking responsibility for non- performance. The researcher therefore carried out this research covering a wider angle of participation including as many stakeholders as possible with a view to finding out what collective solutions could be reached to stamp out violence in South African football. The aim of the research was to come up with recommendations that would be presented to the powers that be in South African football from as inclusive stakeholders as possible to tackle violence in the sport. The researcher included the following stakeholders in the study: match officials (also known as referees), players, supporters/fans, administrators (this category included: coaches, team managers, and team spokespeople). The research methods used were a combination of a survey questionnaire, interviews with the relevant stakeholders and a focus group. The focus group was primarily used for validation and triangulation (and also to bring in a ill dimension that the researcher might have missed) to ensure that the recommendations made (which is the aim of this research) are geared towards tackling the issues uncovered by the findings. The researcher hopes that the recommendations made at the end of the study will be well received by the football authorities in the country and perhaps some (if not all) would be considered for implementation as the spectrum of stakeholders that participated is wide. Too many lives have been lost needlessly and it is imperative that appropriate action be taken to stem out this tide for the good of the sport. It is important to note that all stakeholders need each other to eradicate violence in the sport and it is in everybody's interest to work together to achieve this and to see South Africa winning the Bid to host the World Cup in 2010. lv TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Research proposal...............................................................1 1.1 Background...............................................................1 1.2 Statement of the problem.............................................2 1.3 Purpose of the Study (aim)...........................................2 1.4 Objectives.................................................................3 1.4.1 Objective 1 .......................................................3 1.4.2 Objective 2.......................................................3 1 .4.3 Objective 3.......................................................3 1.4.4 Objective 4.......................................................3 1.4.5 Objective 5.......................................................3 1.5 Relevance of Study.....................................................3 1.6 Limitations of the Study............................................... 4 1.7 Research Methodology............................................... 4 1.7.1 Literature Method.............................................. 5 1.7.2 SurveyMethod ................................................. 5 1.7.3 Tape Reviews...................................................6 1.8 Sampling.............................................................................6 1.9 DataAnalysis ....................................................................... 6 1.lOFurtherChapters ................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Literature Review.................................................................9 2.1 Introduction...............................................................9 2.1.1 Sport and Emotions..........................................11 2.1.2 Sport Spectating Nostalgia.................................12 2.2 Sports Violence: manifestations and explanations.............13 2.2.1 Crowd Violence................................................13 2.2.1.1 The Celebratory Nature of Sport................13 2.2.1 .2 The Oxford School "ritual of soccer violence" thesis..................................................14 2.2.2 Player Violence................................................15 2.2.2.1 Brutal Body Contact...............................16 2.2.2.2 Borderline Violence................................16 2.2.2.3 Quasi-criminal Violence...........................16 2.2.2.4 Criminal Violence...................................17 2.3 The Dark Side of South African Soccer...........................17 2.3.1 The Social Context...........................................18 2.3.2 Kaizer Chiefs versus Orlando Pirates...................19 2.3.3 The typical South African Soccer Scene and Supporter.......................................................22 2.3.4 Other factors...................................................23 2.4 Soccer fan Violence (Britain vs America).........................25 2.4.1 Comparisons...................................................26 2.4.1.1 Historical development............................26 2.4.1.2 Sport Setting.........................................27 2.4.1.3 Social Conditions...................................28 2.5 Spectator Violence at Football Matches: A Social Phenomenon............................................................29 2.5.1 Football Hooliganism as a Social Phenomenon... .29 2.5.2 Official explanations of football hooliganism..........32 2.6 Soccer Violence around the World................................34 2.6.1 Season of shame takes shine off Roma's triumph .34 2.6.2 Anger after Angola-Portugal friendly...................34 2.6.3 Ban internationals at Vosloorus Stadium..............35 2.6.4 Soccer fans die in Stampedes (Africa).................37 2.7 Violence in other Sporting Codes.................................39 2 .7.1 Hockey.........................................................39 2.7.1.1 The Worstof Sports..............................40 2.7.1.2