Design of Footbridges Dutch solutions for bicycle and pedestrian bridges Adriaan Kok • ipv Delft & The Netherlands ipv Delft creative engineers • Dutch Design Manual for Footbridges mail: [email protected] • Dutch Regulations for Footbridges website: ipvdelft.nl or ipvdelft.com • Dutch Design drivers & solutions 8th Australian Small Bridges Conference • Lessons Learned 27-28 Nov 2017, Surfers Paradise Australia bridges ipv Delft • infrastructure • urban furniture • architecture • lighting footbridge footbridge aquaduct bench footbridge footbridge tunnel canopy footbridge lamp shade bicycle parking bridges ipv Delft • Footbridges CROW publication 342 Summary CROW publication 342 Dutch, by ipv Delft English, by ipv Delft BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES BRIEF DUTCH BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES FOR BICYCLE As one of the Netherland’s main bridge design offices, ipv Delft has focused on designing bicycle and pedestrian bridges for two decades. The company has used AND PEDESTRIAN their extensive experience in bridge design to write this publication. This design manual focuses on the fundamentals of bridge design, answering practical questions regardign issues such as bridge width and slopes. It also lists the things that should BRIDGES by ipv Delft be taken into account before starting on the actual design and it offers insight in the Dutch regulations regarding loads and collision forces. General advice on cost re- duction is also included and several of the company’s projects are shown to illustrate the theoretical contents. The Brief Dutch Design Manual for Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridges therefore is a vital source of both practical information and bridge design inspiration. This publication is an English summary of the Dutch Design Manual for Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridges, which was published by CROW in 2014 and written by ipv Delft. www.ipvdelft.com www.crow.nl ipv Delft creative engineers +31 15 750 25 75 [email protected] in cooperation with Free Download: ipvdelft.com / publications Dutch Design Manual Structure: Follows the Development Process Traffic Network Analysis of Context Requirements Users Design Checklist Alignment Design Bridge Design Development Budget Dutch Design Manual Structure: Follows the Development Process Traffic Network Why Analysis of Context Requirements Users For Whom Design Checklist Alignment Design Bridge Design Development Budget What Dutch Design Manual Intended Users: All involved disciplines & stakeholders • Management • Urban Planning • Architects BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES • Structural engineering BRIEF DUTCH BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL DESIGN MANUAL • Traffic engineering FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES FOR BICYCLE As one of the Netherland’s main bridge design offices, ipv Delft has focused on designing bicycle and pedestrian bridges for two decades. The company has used AND PEDESTRIAN their extensive experience in bridge design to write this publication. This design manual focuses on the fundamentals of bridge design, answering practical questions • Maintenance regardign issues such as bridge width and slopes. It also lists the things that should BRIDGES by ipv Delft be taken into account before starting on the actual design and it offers insight in the Dutch regulations regarding loads and collision forces. General advice on cost re- duction is also included and several of the company’s projects are shown to illustrate the theoretical contents. The Brief Dutch Design Manual for Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridges therefore is a vital source of both practical information and bridge design • Contractors inspiration. This publication is an English summary of the Dutch Design Manual for Bicycle and Pedestrian Bridges, which was published by CROW in 2014 and written by ipv Delft. www.ipvdelft.com • Advocates www.crow.nl ipv Delft creative engineers +31 15 750 25 75 [email protected] • Local stakeholders in cooperation with Dutch Design Manual Intended Goal: Create Understanding Between representatives of Technical & Social requirements City Officials (social) we should we try ! we try Design(er) do ! (technical) (social) (City) Citizens Engineers Advocates can’t we ? we try (technical) (social) Dutch Design Manual Involvement of disciplines & stakeholders: De-Siloing the Process Analysis of Requirements Design Development Client Network Context Users Checklist Alignment Design Management Engineering Traffic Urban planning Lighting Maintenance Consultants Engineer Architect Subsoil Local Businesses Citizens Advocates Contractor Dutch Design Manual Structure: Follows the Development Process Traffic Network Analysis of Context Requirements Users Design Checklist Alignment Design Bridge Design Development Budget Dutch Design Manual The Netherlands UK Germany France Italy Spain Context (international) The Netherlands in Europe The Netherlands Australia 17 mln inhabitants 23.4 mln inhabitants Context (international) The Netherlands compared to Australia Sydney 307 km Amsterdam Rotterdam 60 km 240 km Canberra Germany Belgium Context (national) The Netherlands compared to Sydney - Canberra Region Sydney Amsterdam Rotterdam Canberra Meuse Rhine Network (national) Dutch network compared to Sydney - Canberra Region Network (national) transport over water and road Network (international) The Netherlands, a hub for Europe Foundation Piles almost always required - 4 m + 8 m - 7 m + 10 m 10 - 20 m • Marshy River Delta peat, clay & sand + 322 m 26% below sea level Context (national) ground level and subsurface conditions 1995 flood Flood Risk Areas 26% below sea level 29% above sea level risk of flooding by river Context (national) flooding risk - 15 ºC in Winter + 35 ºC in Summer Context (national) 50 ºC temperature difference Natural Constraints Exploring the world Limited Resources Open to new ideas Context (national) resourcefull by constraints Travel Time bike & car equal up to 7.5 km 15 km Beach 7.5 km Amsterdam Airport Network (regional) travel time in dense populated areas 8 mln people with all needs within cycling distance Amsterdam Rotterdam Eindhoven Network (national) travel time in dense populated areas Dutch King • 18 million bikes • > 14 million trips / day • 35.000 km bike path • 2500 km highway • 8 million cars Network (national) Cycling Facts Network (national) need for a lot of bridges Users Not intended Not intended vehicle, Hooligans, ... Determine • Needed Space • Road Planning Regular • Loads Occasionally Cyclists, Pedestrians, • Abuse Mopeds, Disabled vehicles Maintenance, Prevention Emergency Services Special Other Disabled, Elderly, Utility Children companies ... Users all potential users bridgesUsers bridge & Intersecting for a footbridge crossing a road regular regular regular special special special occasional not intended not intended not intended other 75 cm 25 - 80 cm 25 cm width sway distance 2,5 m vertical clearance Users cyclists measurements 32.5 cm 62.5 cm railing wall 50 cm extra width in curve Users cyclists distance to objects Deck Width Hovenring two lanes - two directions cm 32.5 75 25 75 25 75 25 75 32.5 4.4 m Users cyclists deck width minimum width one way minimum width two way in curve 32.5 75 32.5 cm 32.5 50 75 25 75 32.5 cm 1.4 m 2,9 m Users cyclists deck width 0,7 m 0,8 m 0,85 m Users pedestrians measurements max. 20 m max. 0.5 m ≥ 0,9 m ≥ 1,8 m ≥ 1,2 m ≥ 0,9 m Users pedestrians deck width ∆ H > 13 m Railing min. 1.2 m → ∆ H 1-13 m Railing 1 m → stairs & slopes min. Railing 0.85 m → Australia (hand) railing height pedestrians 1.2 m cylists 1.4 m disabled, children 0.7 m Users railing height Dutch Fx, Fy 3 kN/m Australia Fx, Fy ? 0.75 - 3 kN/m (crowds) Openings < 0.1 m (wire) - 0.125 m Fy Fx < 0.1 m Ø 0.5 m Users railing openings and loads ipv Delft • railing designs type & infill wire wire cable mesh glass wood lamellas bars - balusters structural structural structural decorative Railing height ? Railing 1 & 1.4 m Railing 0.7, 1.2 & 1.4 m ? cyclists cyclists pedestrians pedestrians children 1m 1.4 m J. Pesch Bridge, Brisbane Toowong Crossing, Brisbane Proprietary Barrier Cairns Users Australian railing examples Users unintended use - climable railing inward inclined wires cable mesh near petting zoo Users unintended use - climable railing standard anti-throw-screen 2.5 m Users unintended use - anti-throw-screen integrated stainless steel cable mesh anti-throw-screen Users unintended use - anti-throw-screen Concentrated Load 7 kN 0n surface of 0.1 x 0.1 m Uniformly Distributed Load 5 kN/m² (5 kPa) Reduction allowed using formula: Uniform load = 2.0 + (120/bridge length +30) kPa Allowed when no crowds are expected. With minimum of 2.5 kPa Users pedestrians & cyclists loads Maintenance Vehicle specifications • 2 axles with a 3 m wheelbase; • Axle load of 25 kN (2500 kg); • 2 wheels / axle, with a 1.75 m track width; • 0,25 m x 0,25 m contact surface / wheel. Users standard maintenance vehicle loads • 9 metric tons maintainance vehicle - Hovenring Users Heavy maintenance vehicle loads Unauthorized Vehicle specifications: • 2 axles with a 3 m wheelbase • Characteristic axle load of 40 kN & 80 kN • 2 wheels per axle, with a 1,3 m track width • 0,2 m x 0,2 m contact surface per wheel. Users Unauthorized vehicle loads min. 4.6 m - 7 m (no collision load) vertical clearance Users vertical clearance car traffic Road Collision Load on Bridge Deck (Fdx) Eurocodes Dutch appendix Highways 500 kN 2000