Coastal Coastal Resilience Resilience to Climate to Climate Change Change (CRCC) (CRCC) Coastal ResilienceProgramme to ClimateBaseline; Change (CRCC) Programme Baseline; Programme Baseline; CoastalCoastal and Mandarine Marine Ecosystems Ecosystems Restoration Restoration Assessment Assessment Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Restoration Assessment MarchMarch 2019 2019 March 2019 Copyright: © Ministry of Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries (MIMAIP) – Mozambique; International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), Rare and Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expressionCoastal of any Resilience opinion whatsoever to Climate Changeon the part Baseline; of MIMAIP,IUCN, Coastal and Rare Marine and Ecosystems Sida concerning Restoration the legal Assessment status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of MIMAIP, IUCN, Rare or Sida. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Ministry of Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries (MIMAIP) –Mozambique (2019).Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Restoration Assessment- Coastal Resilience to Climate Change (CRCC) baseline, Mozambique, IUCN,MIMAIP,RARE. Cover Photo Credit: IUCN FLR hub. Acknowledgment This assessment was conducted through collective contributions that involved the political, institutional and technical support from the Ministry of Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries, Rare and the representatives and officials from the Inhamane, Sofala and Nampula provinces and 3 pilot districts of Inhassoro, Dondo and Memba. The technical inputs and analysis were provided by P. Bagesund, S. Bila, E. Cavoto, E. Imanirareba, E. Lehmann, F. Oloo, N. Raghunathan, V. Ruiz, A. Ndoli, J. Njue, C. Karangwa, M. Matidiane, J. Wakhayanga and R. Wild. Stakeholders, partners and other institutions from provinces that are too many to name here have been instrumental in developing this baseline. ii Coastal Resilience to Climate Change Baseline; Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Restoration Assessment Acronyms ASCA Accumulating Savings and Credit Association CCP Community Fishing Council (Conselho Comunidade das Pescas) CRCC Coastal Resilience to Climate Change ETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper FAO Food and Agricultural Organization FFP Fisheries Development Fund (Fundo de Fomento Pesqueiro) GIS Geographic Information Systems GPS Global Position Systems IDPPE Institute for Development of Small-Scale Fisheries (Instituto de Desenvolvimento da Pesca de Pequena Escala IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature LULC Land use/ Land cover M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MIMAIP Ministry for Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries OLI Operational Land Imager PCR Rotating savings and credit groups (Poupança e Crédito Rotativo) PESPA Strategic Plan for the Artisanal Fisheries Sub-Sector RCMRD Regional Center for Mapping of Resources for Development RLE Red List of Ecosystems ROAM Restoration Opportunities Assessment Methodology SBAFP Sofala Bank Artisanal Fisheries Project SLR Sea Level Rise VSLA Village Savings and Loans Associations WCMC World Conservation Monitoring Center WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature iii Coastal Resilience to Climate Change Baseline; Coastal and Marine Ecosystems Restoration Assessment Table of contents Acknowledgment ............................................................................................................................................................ ii Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................................................ iii Table of contents ............................................................................................................................................................ iv Table of figures ............................................................................................................................................................... vi Table of tables ................................................................................................................................................................ ix Table of boxes ................................................................................................................................................................ ix Executive summary ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 Microfinance ............................................................................................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Coastal and marine ecosystems in Mozambique .................................................................................................... 4 1.2. Purpose and scope of the coastal and marine ecosystems restoration assessment ............................................... 8 2. Methodology ............................................................................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Inventory and assessment of biophysical and ecological conditions of coastal and marine ecosystems (RLE) ...... 9 2.2. Coastal land cover/land use change analysis .......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Satellite image analysis........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.2 Comparison of the mapping methods ................................................................................................................ 12 2.2.3 Classification of seagrass and coral reef ...............................................................................................................13 2.2.4 Change detection and analysis .............................................................................................................................13 2.3. Socio-ecological – socio-economic situation analysis ............................................................................................14 2.3.1. Nested conceptual framework of restorative development ............................................................................... 14 2.3.2. Restoration diagnostic of successes and barriers ............................................................................................... 14 2.3.3. Environmental economics ....................................................................................................................................15 3. Baseline profiles of the coastal and marine ecosystems ............................................................................................16 3.1. Red List of Ecosystems assessment ....................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.1. Coastal forest vegetation .....................................................................................................................................16 3.1.2. Mangrove ............................................................................................................................................................ 34 3.1.3. Coral reef ............................................................................................................................................................ 44 3.1.4. Seagrass beds ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2. Mapping trends of coastal and marine ecosystem ................................................................................................ 59 3.2.1. Baseline profile of Memba district in Nampula Province .................................................................................... 62 3.2.2. Baseline profile of Dondo district in Sofala Province .......................................................................................... 68 3.2.3. Baseline profile of Inhassoro district in Inhambane Province .............................................................................. 71 3.3. Socio-economic results and interpretations ........................................................................................................... 88 3.3.1. Review of previous projects and studies ............................................................................................................. 88 3.3.2. Success factor analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 92 3.3.3. Institutions and culture .......................................................................................................................................