CONSTRAINTS TO REGIONAL AIR CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN COUNTRIES OF THE GUYANA SHIELD AND SOUTH AMERICA FINAL REPORT Submitted to: By: Andy Ricover Air Transport Specialist November 2015 CONSTRAINTS TO REGIONAL AIR CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN COUNTRIES OF THE GUYANA SHIELD AND SOUTH AMERICA FINAL REPORT This report was prepared by Andy Ricover. The opinions expressed herein are not given as an inducement or an endorsement for any financial transaction. The consultant accepts no responsibility for damages, if any, that may result from decision made or actions taken by any party, including third parties, based on this report. The analysis and opinions presented in this report reflect the consultant's reasoned views and judgement as of November 2015 based on the information available at the time this report was prepared. Constraints to regional air connectivity between countries of the Guyana Shield and South America Acronyms and Abbreviations ASA Air Services Agreement ATC Air Traffic Control BEL Belem International Airport BGI Barbados Bridgetown International Airport BOG Bogota El Dorado International Airport CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate CARICOM Caribbean Community CASAS Civil Aviation Safety Authority Suriname CAY Cayenne International Airport CCCC China Communications Construction Company CCTV Closed Circuit Television System CHEC China Harbour Engineering CJIA Georgetown Cheddi Jagan International Airport CJIAC Cheddi Jagan International Airport Corporation COSIPLAN South American Infrastructure and Planning Council CUR Hato Curacao International Airport DCA Department of Civil Aviation - Suriname DME Distance Measuring Equipment FAA Federal Aviation Administration GCAA Guyana Civil Aviation Authority GDP Gross Domestic Product GEO Georgetown Cheddi Jagan International Airport IASA International Aviation Safety Assessments Program ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization IDB Inter American Development Bank 3 Constraints to regional air connectivity between countries of the Guyana Shield and South America ILS Instrument Landing System Km Kilometers MASA Multilateral Air Services Agreement OAG Official Airline Guide OGL Ogle Airport ORG Zorg en Hoop Airport PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator PBM Paramaribo Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport POS Port of Spain Piarco International Airport PTY Panama City Tocumen International Airport SARP Standards and Recommended Practices SDQ Santo Domingo Las Americas International Airport SXM Sint Marteen Princess Juliana International Airport TOR Terms of Reference UNASUR South American Nations Union US United States USAID United States Agency for International Development USD United States Dollar VOR Very-High Frequency Omnidirectional Radio WB World Bank WTTC World Travel and Tourism Council 4 Constraints to regional air connectivity between countries of the Guyana Shield and South America Contents Executive Summary ......................................................................................12 1. Introduction............................................................................................38 1.1. Background...................................................................................38 1.2. Objective.......................................................................................38 1.3. Scope of Work ..............................................................................39 2. Current connectivity of the countries of the Guyana Shield ....................40 3. Airport Infrastructure ..............................................................................45 3.1. Guyana .........................................................................................45 3.1.1. Georgetown Cheddi Jagan International Airport (GEO) .......45 3.1.2. Ogle International Airport (OGL) ..........................................49 3.2. Suriname.......................................................................................51 3.2.1. Paramaribo Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport (PBM)51 3.2.2. Zorg En Hoop Airport (ORG) ...............................................52 3.3. Main conclusions on Infrastructure................................................53 4. The Cost of the Airport Infrastructure .....................................................55 4.1. Benchmarking of Passenger charges............................................56 4.2. Benchmarking of charges on airlines.............................................57 4.3. Benchmarking of total costs ..........................................................59 5. Institutional Framework review...............................................................61 5.1. Methodology .................................................................................61 5.2. Guyana .........................................................................................62 5.3. Implications of the Current Framework - Guyana ..........................64 5 Constraints to regional air connectivity between countries of the Guyana Shield and South America 5.3.1. Policy Setting and Technical Regulation..............................65 5.3.2. Technical Regulation and Operations ..................................65 5.3.3. Accidents and Incidents Investigation, Technical Regulation and Operations.......................................................................................65 5.3.4. Category 2 of the IASA program..........................................66 5.4. Suriname.......................................................................................66 5.5. Implications of the Current Framework - Suriname........................68 5.5.1. Accidents and Incidents Investigation and Technical Regulation 68 5.6. Main conclusions of the Institutional Framework analysis..............68 6. Aviation Policy .......................................................................................70 6.1. Introduction ...................................................................................70 6.1.1. Methodology........................................................................72 6.1.2. CARICOM Multilateral Air Services Agreement ...................72 6.1.3. Association of Caribbean States Multilateral Air Services Agreement.......................................................................................73 6.2. Analysis of existing bilateral ASAs and their level of utilization......73 6.2.1. Guyana................................................................................73 6.2.2. Suriname .............................................................................78 6.3. Main conclusions on Aviation Policy and Air Services Agreements81 7. Market Overview....................................................................................83 7.1. Methodology .................................................................................83 7.2. Introduction ...................................................................................84 7.3. Guyana .........................................................................................86 7.3.1. Georgetown Cheddi Jagan International Airport (GEO) .......87 7.4. Suriname.......................................................................................95 7.4.1. Paramaribo Johan Adolf Pengel International Airport (PBM)96 7.5. Development of a hub in Georgetown or Paramaribo..................113 6 Constraints to regional air connectivity between countries of the Guyana Shield and South America 7.6. The connectivity with South America...........................................114 7.7. The development of connectivity through regional hubs..............116 7.8. Main conclusions of the Market Outlook......................................126 8. Next steps............................................................................................129 7 Constraints to regional air connectivity between countries of the Guyana Shield and South America Figures Exhibit E.1 - Connectivity levels of the countries of the Guyana Shield......13 Exhibit E.2 - International connectivity of the countries of the Guyana Shield14 Exhibit E.4 - Charges on passengers and charges on airlines at 14 South American airports ..................................................................19 Exhibit E.5 - Guyana's and Suriname's Air Service Agreements' degree of liberalization - Americas and the Caribbean...........................23 Exhibit E.6 - International tourist arrivals at 10 South American countries .25 Exhibit E.7 - Departing seats out of GEO and PBM by destination market - 2015 ..............................................................................................27 Exhibit E.8 - Copa Airlines' main routes and weekly services ....................29 Exhibit E.9 - Caribbean Airlines' main routes and weekly services ............30 Exhibit E.10 - Avianca's main routes and weekly services.........................32 Exhibit E.11 - International connectivity out of Brasilia International Airport33 Exhibit E.12 - Recommendations to increase connectivity.........................35 Exhibit E.13 - Proposed next steps for Guyanese and Surinamese authorities ..............................................................................................36 Exhibit 2.1 - Connectivity levels of the countries of the Guyana Shield......41 Exhibit 2.2 -International connectivity of the countries of the Guyana Shield: annual international seats, international airports and international markets ..............................................................................................42