A CITY DIVIDED: DEBATES OVER SLAVERY IN ANTEBELLUM PITTSBURGH ___________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of History Sam Houston State University ___________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts ___________ by Cody A. Wells December, 2019 A CITY DIVIDED: DEBATES OVER SLAVERY IN ANTEBELLUM PITTSBURGH by Cody A. Wells ___________ APPROVED: Thomas H. Cox, Ph.D. Committee Director Wesley Phelps, Ph.D. Committee Member Bernadette Pruitt, Ph.D. Committee Member Abbey Zink, Ph.D. Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences DEDICATION For Emily iii ABSTRACT Wells, Cody A., A city divided: Debates over slavery in Antebellum Pittsburgh. Master of Arts (History), December, 2019, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas. Although much attention has been paid to the influence of southern slavery on the secession crisis and subsequent Civil War, far less has been spent analyzing the complexities of how northern communities in the antebellum period addressed questions over the peculiar institution. Northerners were not simply opposed, or perhaps ambivalent, to slavery during this period. Rather, individuals and groups had various responses when confronted with the institution. This study attempts to shed new light on the various reactions to slavery from one antebellum city: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Antebellum Pittsburgh provides an excellent case study for examining diverse northern reactions to slavery, as well as how those reactions developed and changed over time. The presence of various groups, each with their own unique responses when presented with questions over slavery, allows the city to act as a microcosm for the diverse antebellum North. Pittsburgh was home to many prominent white abolitionists and a free black community, both of which contributed significantly to the western operations of the state’s Underground Railroad. Additionally, the city’s geographical location, on the forks of the Ohio River, promoted southern trade. This left many businessmen and entrepreneurs in the growing industrial city sympathetic to the struggles of southern slaveholders. Each of these groups provides a unique component to a larger, more complex, story of slavery in early America. A large quantity of primary and secondary sources demonstrates the diverse reactions to slavery in antebellum Pittsburgh, yet each fails to fit these perspectives into a iv larger context. To date, no major work seeks to examine these diverse voices in the Pittsburgh area nor analyzes the complex societies within which they collectively existed. This research project is an attempt to do just that. By analyzing the writings of prominent individuals in Pittsburgh, as well as speeches, newspapers, and court cases, a more coherent understanding of the community and their reactions to slavery are outlined. Although this thesis examines slavery debates in only one community, the complexities of reactions and the existence of various groups can, in some ways, reflect the northern half of the antebellum American nation. KEY WORDS: African Americans, Allegheny City, Allegheny County, Antebellum United States, Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh, Slavery, Underground Railroad. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The central argument for this thesis project developed out of a smaller research assignment for Dr. Thomas Cox’s graduate course, Early National America, in the spring of 2018. I am indebted to Dr. Cox who has provided useful insight, constructive feedback, and valuable guidance throughout the duration of this project. I wish to thank him not only for the aforementioned reasons, but also for agreeing to serve as my thesis director. Additional support from Drs. Bernadette Pruitt and Wesley Phelps, both of whom served on my thesis committee, was essential to the overall completion of this project. To each of them, I express my sincere gratitude. I would also like to thank Dr. Brian Jordan, Director of Graduate Studies. Without Dr. Jordan’s guidance in navigating the master’s program, this thesis could never have been successfully completed. Finally, I wish to thank my wife, Emily. Her dedication, along with her support in seeing this project through to its completion, has been invaluable. It is for this reason, and for so many more, that I dedicate this project to her. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 The Underground Railroad .......................................................................................... 4 White Supremacists ..................................................................................................... 6 White Abolitionists .................................................................................................... 11 African Americans ..................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER II: THE POLITICS OF SLAVERY ............................................................ 22 Slavery and Emancipation in Pennsylvania ............................................................... 23 Rights of Free African Americans ............................................................................. 28 Challenging the Rights of African Americans ........................................................... 37 CHAPTER III: WHITE SUPREMACISTS .................................................................... 49 Economic Factors ...................................................................................................... 50 Colonization Efforts ................................................................................................... 59 Sectional Strife ........................................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER IV: WHITE AND BLACK ABOLITIONISTS............................................ 73 Abolitionist Teachings ............................................................................................... 74 African American Influences ..................................................................................... 80 Slavery’s Impact ........................................................................................................ 89 vii CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 104 A Complicated History ............................................................................................ 105 Antislavery Influences ............................................................................................. 114 Pittsburgh’s Legacy ................................................................................................. 118 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 122 VITA ............................................................................................................................... 129 viii 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Debates arising over slavery in the United States played a significant role in dividing North and South in the decades leading to the outbreak of the Civil War. This understanding, however, oversimplifies the complex realities of the time. It presupposes that all northerners were ambivalent, if not outright opposed, to the peculiar institution, and nothing could be farther from the factual narrative. Location, particularly in relation to the Mason-Dixon Line, as well as the cultural makeup of one’s community often weighed heavily on individual perspectives regarding slavery. Whites living relatively close to the southern states often showed sympathy for the slave owners’ desire to protect their interests in human property, yet frequently grappled with the moral dilemma of whether or not to assist a fugitive slave. This conundrum was further complicated by the racist ideology that presented African Americans as inferior beings and which promoted the subjugation of all blacks, whether free or enslaved. This philosophy had long been prevalent in white communities both north and south and presented, in many cases, insurmountable economic, social, and political obstacles for a growing free black population. African American communities, many made up of former slaves, also had a significant role in influencing their white neighbors’ outlooks on slavery, as well as promoting black education and political rights. It is with these complexities in mind that comprehensive examinations must be made of local communities to best understand the effects slavery had on the North prior to the Civil War. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, an industrious city located at the forks of the Ohio River, and its surrounding communities, provides an excellent case study for such an 2 analysis. Here, complex realities erase the generalizations associated with the typical northern city in antebellum America. The Pittsburgh region is unique in its location, divided from the eastern half of the state by the