Africa and the World Dawn Nagar • Charles Mutasa Editors Africa and the World Bilateral and Multilateral International Diplomacy Editors Dawn Nagar Charles Mutasa Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR) Independent Consultant Cape Town, South Africa Harare, Zimbabwe ISBN 978-3-319-62589-8 ISBN 978-3-319-62590-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62590-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017953376 © Centre for Conflict Resolution 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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Cover Image: © Zoonar GmbH / Alamy Stock Photo Cover Design: Samantha Johnson Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The editors, Dawn Nagar and Charles Mutasa, are grateful to all the contributors to this book and to all the staff and Board at the Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR), Cape Town, South Africa, who in their dif- ferent ways have made the publication of this book possible. We would like to thank the publication and editing team in particular for their tre- mendous support. We would like to especially thank Jason Cook for copyediting the manuscript so meticulously. Most importantly, we are indebted to the Embassy of the Kingdom of Norway, who provided the funding for this publication. In addition, we are grateful to the people and the government of Sweden, for their ­consistent support of the work of CCR. Dawn Nagar and Charles Mutasa v The original version of this book was revised. The biographies are moved from chapter end to book front matter. CONTENTS 1 Introduction: Inspirations and Hesitations in Africa’s Relations with External Actors 1 Charles Mutasa Part I Bilateral Relations: Traditional Powers 25 2 Africa and the United States: A History of Malign Neglect 27 Adekeye Adebajo 3 Africa and Russia: The Pursuit of Strengthened Relations in the Post-Cold War Era 51 Rosaline Daniel and Vladimir Shubin 4 Africa and China: Winding Into a Community of Common Destiny 71 Haifang Liu 5 France and Africa 95 Douglas A. Yates ix x COntents 6 To Brexit and Beyond: Africa and the United Kingdom 119 Alex Vines 7 Africa and Portugal 143 Clara Carvalho Part II Bilateral Relations: Non-Traditional Powers 167 8 Africa and Italy’s Relations After the Cold War 169 Bernardo Venturi 9 Brazil-Africa Relations: From Boom to Bust? 189 Adriana Erthal Abdenur 10 A Renewed Partnership? Contemporary Latin America-Africa Engagement 209 Danilo Marcondes de Souza Neto 11 Africa and India: Riding the Tail of the Tiger? 245 Kudrat Virk 12 Africa-Japan Relations in the Post-Cold War Era 269 Scarlett Cornelissen and Yoichi Mine 13 Africa and the Nordics 287 Anne Hammerstad 14 Africa, the Islamic World, and Europe 315 Roel van der Veen Part III Multilateral Relations 333 15 Africa and the Middle East: Shifting Alliances and Strategic Partnerships 335 Hamdy A. Hassan and Hala Thabet COntents xi 16 Africa at the United Nations: From Dominance to Weakness 359 James O.C. Jonah 17 Africa and the International Criminal Court 371 Dan Kuwali 18 Can the BRICS Re-Open the “Gateway to Africa”? South Africa’s Contradictory Facilitation of Divergent Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese Interests 403 Patrick Bond 19 Europe-African Relations in the Era of Uncertainty 433 Gilbert M. Khadiagala 20 Africa and the World Trade Organisation 455 Mariama Williams 21 Sub-Saharan Africa: The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund 475 L. Adele Jinadu 22 Conclusion 499 Dawn Nagar NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Adriana Erthal Abdenur is a fellow at Instituto Igarapé and a senior post-doctoral scholar at CPDOC in Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV-Rio) through a grant from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific Research. She has a PhD from Princeton and a BA from Harvard. She has published widely on South-South cooperation and the BRICS, includ- ing recent articles in journals such as (Global Governance), Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Third World Quarterly, and Journal of Peacebuilding and Development. She co-edited, with Thomas G. Weiss, the volume Emerging Powers at the UN (Routledge, 2016). Adekeye Adebajo is the Director of the Institute for Pan-African Thought and Conversation at the University of Johannesburg. He was Executive Director of the Centre for Conflict Resolution (CCR) in Cape Town between 2003 and 2016. He served on United Nations missions in South Africa, Western Sahara, and Iraq, and was Director of the Africa Programme at the International Peace Institute (IPI) in New York. Prof. Adebajo is the author of six books: Building Peace in West Africa; Liberia’s Civil War; The Curse of Berlin: Africa After the Cold War; UN Peacekeeping in Africa; The Eagle and The Springbok: Essays on Nigeria and South Africa; and Thabo Mbeki: Africa’s Philosopher-King. He is the co-editor or editor of nine books, on managing global conflicts, the United Nations, the European Union, West African security, South Africa’s and Nigeria’s for- eign policies in Africa, and Nobel peace laureates of African descent. A graduate of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, and the Fletcher School of xiii xiv NOtes On COntributOrs Law and Diplomacy in Massachusetts, he obtained his doctorate from Oxford University in England, where he studied as a Rhodes Scholar. Patrick Bond is a professor of political economy at the University of the Witwatersrand in Johannesburg. His recent books include South Africa— The Present as History (co-authored with John Saul, James Currey 2016); BRICS (co-edited with Ana Garcia, Pluto Press 2015); and Elite Transition (3rd edition, Pluto Press 2014). Bond obtained his PhD under David Harvey’s supervision at Johns Hopkins University, on the subject of uneven development in Zimbabwe. He learned politics in the anti-apartheid soli- darity movement, and during the mid-late 1990s worked in the South African government as a policy drafter, including in the president’s office as the editor of the 1994 (White Paper on Reconstruction and Development). Clara Carvalho holds a PhD in Anthropology from ISCTE received in 1999. She is the current president of AEGIS (Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies) and the former director of the Centre of African Studies/Centre of International Studies at ISCTE-IUL (2007–16). She is a professor in the Department of Anthropology, ISCTE-IUL, and has been Invited Professor at the Universities of Brown (USA, 2004) and Lille (France, 2002 and 2003), and gave short courses at the graduate method- ological seminars promoted by CODESRIA in several African countries, and at the Universities of Rovira i Virgil, Spain, and Mainz, Germany. Her research interests are African Studies, focusing in health, education and gender. Her main research has been in Guinea-Bissau where she works since 1992 on several issues including local power, colonial iconography and medical anthropology. Since 2001 she has conducted projects on therapeutic practices, gender and social protection. Scarlett Cornelissen is a professor in the Department of Political Science at Stellenbosch University in South Africa. She has been a fellow with the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University and Leibniz Professor at Leipzig University. She conducts research on broad aspects of Africa in the world, with one of her principal research focuses being Africa- Asia relations, specifically Japan’s diplomacy, Official Development Assistance and industry in Africa. Recent books include Africa and International Relations in the Twenty-First Century (paperback edition published 2015); and Research Companion to Regionalisms (2011). She is the current co-editor of the (Review of International Studies), the journal of the British International Studies Association. NOtes On COntributOrs xv Rosaline Daniel is a senior project officer at the Centre for Conflict Resolution in Cape Town, South Africa. She holds Masters degrees from the University of Cape Town in South Africa and from the University of Westminster in the United Kingdom. Her interests include conflict resolu- tion, gender and peacebuilding, international organisations, the global arms trade, and Russia’s foreign policy. Anne Hammerstad is Honorary Senior Research Fellow at the University of Kent and a Senior Research Associate at the South African Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA). She was previously a lecturer and ESRC Fellow at the University of Kent; fellow at Royal Holloway, University of London; and Senior Researcher at SAIIA. Her DPhil thesis at Oxford University won the 2003 British International Studies Association (BISA) Thesis Prize. Anne is the author of The Rise and Decline of a Global Security Actor: UNHCR, Refugee Protection and Security (OUP 2014) and a con- tributor to the Oxford Handbook on Refugee and Forced Migration Studies.