When Multi-level Governance Hits the Ground EUropean nature protection and land-use change in Vrancea and Galicia Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität zu Köln 2012 vorgelegt von Master Sciances Humaines et Sociales Liviu Mantescu aus 7kUJRYLúWH 5XPlQLHQ 5HIHUHQWDSO3URI'U6LJULG4XDFN .RUUHIHUHQW3URI'U'UKF:ROIJDQJ6WUHHFN 7DJGHU3URPRWLRQ 2 Acknowledgements 0DQ\SHRSOHKDYHSURYLGHGPHwith KHOSDQGHQFRXUDJHPHQt all along the way from the first FRQFHSWXDOL]DWLRQRIWKLVSURMHFWXQWLOWKHODVWUHYLVLRQRIWKHSUHVHQWGRFXPHQW First of all I would like to thank DOOWKHIDPLOLHVLQWKHYLOODJHVRI3ӽXOHúWLDQG/DEUDGDIRU RSHQLQJWKHLUGRRUVWRPHDQGletting me enter their homes and their lives SURYLGLQJPHQRW RQO\ ZLWK LQIRUPDWLRQ IRU P\ UHVHDUFK EXW ZLWK SUHFLRXV WKRXJKW-SURYRNLQJ OHVVRQV DERXW OLIH , DP HVSHFLDOO\ LQ GHEW WR &XOLĠӽ DQG 5LFD +XúFӽ DQG WR +HQDU 5RPiQ )HUQiQGH] DQG -RUJH &DUUDFHGR 9D]TXH] P\ KRVWV DQG ILUVW ILHOGZRUN JXLGHV IRU WKHLU SDUHQWDO FDUH GXULQJWKHGLIILFXOWSHULRGVRIWKHILHOGZRUNLQFOXGLQJP\VWD\DWWKHPXQLFLSDOKRVSLWDOLQ /XJR , DP LPPHQVHO\ JUDWHIXO WR P\ VXSHUYLVRU 6LJULG 4XDFN IRU KHU SDWLHQW JXLGDQFH LQ P\ tumultuous academic GHYHORSPHQWDQGIRUKHUSHUPDQHQWDVVLVWDQFHLQEULQJLQJWKLVSURMHFW WRDQHQG , DPHTXDOO\ WKDQNIXOWR)UDQ]YRQ %HQGD-%HFNPDQQ DQG:ROIJDQJ6WUHHFNIRU WKHLU SUHFLRXV DGYLFH DQG SHUPDQHQW HQFRXUDJHPHQW LQ VWRUP\ PRPHQWV RI WKH ZULWLQJ XS SURFHVV DXULQJ P\ VWD\ DW %HUNHOH\ 8QLYHUVLW\ , EHQHILWHG HQRUPRXVO\ IURP YLYLG FRPPHQWV IURP /RXLVH )RUWPDQQ0LFKDHO:DWWVDQG1DQF\3HOXVR7KHLUFRQWULEXWLRQVIORZGHHSO\LQWKH GHVLJQ RI WKLV GLVVHUWDWLRQ LQFOXGLQJ WKH YHU\ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ RI WKH HPSLULFDO GDWD from a SROLWLFDOHFRORJ\SHUVSHFWLYH,DPDOVRWKDQNIXOWRDOOP\FROOHDJXHVIURPWKHSRVW-graduate VHPLQDUV HVSHFLDOO\ WR =DF +HQVRQ – , PLVV RXU QHYHU HQGLQJ GHEDWHV GXULQJ WKH VKRUW &DOLIRUQLDQQLJKWV 0DQ\WKDQNVWR7KRPDV6LNRUIRUSURYLGLQJPHZLWKSUHFLRXVFRPPHQWVRQWKH*DOLFLDQSDUW during the seminar on ‘3URSHUW\ 'LVSRVVHVVLRQ DQG 5XUDO ([FOXVLRQ’ at the University of 5RVNLOGH'HQPDUN $WWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI6DQWLDJRGH&RPSRVWHOD,EHQHILWHGWUHPHQGRXVO\IURPWKHDFDGHPLFDQG PRUDO VXSSRUW RI 0DQXHO 0DUH\ 3DEOR 5DPLO 5HJR )HUQDQGH] 3ULHWR 0DQXHO 5DSRVR (GXDUGR5LFRDQG'DYLG6RWR)HUQDQGH],DPYHU\WKDQNIXOWRDOORIWKHPIRUWKHLUKHOSLQ DFFHVVLQJSUHFLRXVVWDWLVWLFDODQGKLVWRULFDOGDWDIRUWKLVVWXG\ 3 $WWKH8QLYHUVLW\RI9LJR,EHQHILWHGIURPWKHVXSSRUWRI;DYLHU6LPRQDQG'DPLDQ&RSHQD DQG DW WKH 3XEOLF 8QLYHUVLW\ 3DPSORQD -oVH 0LJXHO /DQD %DUDVDLQ SURYLGHG PH ZLWK H[WUHPHO\KHOSIXOJXLGDQFHLQHVWDEOLVKLQJP\UHVHDUFKILHOG,DPYHU\WKDQNIXOWRWKHP ,DPHVSHFLDOO\LQGHEt to P\SURIHVVRU *KHRUJKLWD*HDQD from the 8QLYHUVLW\RI%XFKDUHVW for facilitating my DFFHVVWRSUHFLRXVKLVWRULFDOPDWHULDODQGUDUHERRNVDQGIRUVXSSRUWLQJPH VLQFHP\HDUO\VWXGHQW \HDUV ,DPDOVRWKDQNIXOWRP\FROOHDJXHVIURPWKHµ)UDQFLV5DLQHU ,QVWLWXWHRI$QWKURSRORJ\¶QDPHO\$QGUHL6RILFDUXDQG6WHIDQ'RURQGHOIRUWKHLUVXSSRUWLYH JXLGDQFHLQILQGLQJSUHFLRXVUHVHDUFKPDWHULDO , DOVR ZDQW WR WKDQN P\ IULHQGV 5DOXFD -RVDQ 5,3 - $USDG 6]DER %H]DQD 9ODGLPLU*DQLWNHYLWFK 9ODGHD 6DPLU6DIDU$OLDQGWKHSHUVRQQHODQGWKHNLFNHUIDQDWLFVDW 6R\OHQW *UHHQ IRU VXSSRUW LQ FRQVWUXFWLQJ LPSHWXRXV LGHDV 6SHFLDO WKDQNV WR 0DU\DP ZKR KHOSHGPHZLWKSURRI-UHDGLQJWKHHQWLUHPDQXVFULSWDWUHFRUGVSHHG It is hard to find words for tKDQNLQJ.ULVWLQDP\EHORYHGJLUOIULHQGDQGIRUP\IDPLO\ZKR HQFRXUDJHGPHGXULQJDOOWKLVWLPH7KLVZRUNLVGHGLFDWHGWRP\PRWKHUDLDúWHSWDWDWkWGH PXOW 4 Table of contents Chapter 1 – Introduction .................................................................................. 10 :KDWWKLVVWXG\LVDERXW 10 7KHRXWOLQHRIWKHVWXG\ 12 +RZWKLVVWXG\FDPHDERXW- DSHUVRQDOQRWH Part I: The Warehouse ..................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2 – Methodology and Methods .......................................................... 19 7KHFDVHVPXOWL-VLWHGHWKQRJUDSK\DQGKLVWRULFDOLQYHVWLJDWLRQ 21 The selection of cases 21 Multi-VLWHGHWKQRJUDSK\ The historical investigation 30 0HWKRGVIRUJDWKHULQJWhe data 31 2EVHUYDWLRQ 31 The Film 32 Interviews 34 0HWKRGVIRUDQDO\]LQJWKHGDWD 34 &RPSDULVRQ 34 7KHLGHDOW\SHV 35 Chapter 3 – The theoretical tool-box ............................................................... 37 *RYHUQDQFHUHODWHGFRQFHSWV 1RQ-state actors and transnational governance A triangular deficit (PSLULFDOQRUPDWLYHDQGFULWLFDOJRYHUQDQFH 40 7UDQVQDWLRQDOJRYHUQDQFHDQGQHROLEHUDOLVP 42 Multi-OHYHOJRYHUQDQFHDV(8¶VWUDQVQDWLRQDOSROLWLFDODUHQD 45 Territoriality 46 &XOWXUDOEURNHUV 48 &UHDWLYHFRPSOLDQFH 48 1DWXUHUHODWHGFRQFHSWV The intrinsic value of nature Environmental conflicts 50 (QYLURQPHQWDOMXVWLFH 51 Socionatures and the agency of nature 52 3URSHUW\UHODWHGFRQFHSWV 54 3URSHUW\DQGSURSHUW\UHODWLRQV 54 Access 56 3ULPLWLYHDFFXPXODWLRQ 56 $FFXPXODWLRQE\GLVSRVVHVVLRQDFFXPXODWLRQE\H[WUD-economic means 7LPHUHODWHGFRQFHSWV 7KH3DVWLQWKH3UHVHQW &ROOHFWLYHPHPRU\ 58 0HPRULHVRIGLVSRVVHVVLRQ 5 Part II: Protecting Nature ................................................................................ 61 Chapter 4 - Conceptual mapping ..................................................................... 62 1DWXUHZLOGHUQHVVZDVWH– ĠLKHUPRQWHYDVW 62 )URPDQLPLVPWRDQWKURSRFHQWULVP 64 7KHQDWXUDOULJKWWRSURSHUW\ Chapter 5 - From Waste to Parks .................................................................... 70 9DQLVKLQJWKHIURQWLHU 7KH3XEOLF*DUGHQRI<HOORZVWRQH Chapter 6 - The translation of the American National Parks in Spain and Romania ............................................................................................................. 80 6SDLQ– &DYDGRQJD 81 5RPDQLD– 7KH0RXQWDLQ:LWKRXW&UHVW Chapter 7 - From Parks to Biodiversity: The institutionalization of environmentalism .............................................................................................. 93 (FRFHQWULVPYV(FRORJLFDO0RGHUQL]DWLRQ 7KHLQVWLWXWLRQDOL]DWLRQRIHQYLURQPHQWDOLVP Chapter 8 – Natura 2000 on the paper ............................................................ 98 7KH%LUGVDQGWKHPLVVLOHV¶FKDQt 7KH+DELWDWV 103 Chapter 9 – Natura 2000 at Brussels, and not only ..................................... 109 6RPHSUHOLPLQDU\UHPDUNV RI(8¶VWHUULWRU\ 111 7KHQHHGIRUQXPEHUV 115 $QLPSRUWDQWUHPDUN 120 1DWXUDRQLWVZD\WR;LVWUDO 121 1DWXUDRQLWVZD\WR9UDQFHD 125 Chapter 10 - Conclusions ................................................................................ 130 Part III: Access to Natural Valuables and Environmental Conflicts in Galicia ............................................................................................................... 132 Chapter 11 - O Monte ...................................................................................... 133 7KHXVHV 134 O Toxo and $;HVWD 134 $V)UDJDV 136 7KHMXULGLFDOVWDWXV Chapter 12 - The Roots of State Forest Regulations ................................... 140 7KH)ORDWLQJ)RUHVWV 140 7KH3ROLWLFDO)RUHVWV 146 Chapter 13 - Franco’s forests ......................................................................... 152 ³/DRUGHQHVGH)UDQFR– %DVWD´ 152 7KHODZRI0RQWHV9HFLxDLVHQ0DQ&RP~Q 155 Chapter 14 - The EUropean environmental coordination .......................... 160 6HYHQWHHQZD\VWRGHDOZLWK1DWXUD 160 7KHEXUGHQRIQHZODQG-use 163 $FDVHRIFXOWXUDOEURNHUDJHDQGLQVWLWXWLRQDOK\SRcrisy 164 Chapter 15 - The dynamic of bundle of rights ............................................. 166 $FRPPXQLW\ 166 3HDVDQWVDQGIDUPHUV 6 3DUW\SHRSOH +XQWHUV :LQG-mills 2QHQLJKW Chapter 16 - Consequences in landuse-change ............................................ 181 7KHFRPPRQSURSHUW\DQGWKHFXOWXUHRIDSSUR[LPDWLRQ 181 7KHPHQWDOUH-PDSSLQJRIWKHSURSHUWLHVZLWKLQWKHODQGVFDSH 186 7KHOLPLQDOHQYLURQPHQW- )UDJDEHOOD Chapter 17 – Conclusions ............................................................................... 197 Part IV: Access to Natural Valuables and Environmental Conflicts in Vrancea ............................................................................................................. 203 Chapter 18 – 2EúWHD ........................................................................................ 204 ğDUD9UDQFHL 206 3DVWDQGSUHVHQWXVHV 7KHMXULGLFDOVWDWXVQRZDGD\V 213 Chapter 19 – The expansion of transnational markets ............................... 216 7ZRODQG-EDVHG(PSLUHV 216 7KH(DVWHUQ4XHVWLRQDQGWKH7UHDW\RI$GULDQRSOH 218 %HLQJSDUWRI(XURSHDQGWKHFXOWXUDOGLIIXVLRQRIFDSLWDOLVP 221 Chapter 20 - The first forest protection measures and their consequences for Vrancea ...................................................................................................... 225 7KH0RUX]L'HFUHHDQGWKHILUVW)RUHVWU\&RGHV 225 7UDQVQDWLRQDOFRPSDQLHVIRUZRRGH[WUDFWLRQLQ9UDQFHDDQGWKHPHPRULHVRISHDVDQW UHVLVWDQFHLQ3ӽXOHúWL $ODZ\HUIRUWKHSHRSOH 233 Chapter 21 - Fighting “The Red Pest” .......................................................... 236 7KHSORWDQGWKHHOLWHV 236 7KHXVHRIWKHFRPPRQSURSHUW\ during communism (QYLURQPHQWDOLVPDQGORFDOSDWULRWLVP Chapter 24 - Property restitution and the establishment of protected areas ........................................................................................................................... 242 +RWDU 242 'RXEOH-edged swords 245 ZZZWDUD-YUDQFHLUR 248 Chapter 25 - 7KH3DUN1DWXUD2EúWHD7XOQLFLDQG2EúWHD3ӽXOHúWL ........................................................................................................................... 250 7KHODQGDQGWKHDFWRUV 250 7KHPDLQHFRQRPLFLQWHUHVWVLQWKHSDUN 253 7KHGHFLVLRQ-PDNLQJZLWKLQWKH&RQVXOWDWLYH&RXQFLO 254 7KHGHDWKRIWKHIDWKHU 256 ,QVWUXPHQWVDQGWDFWLFVLQWKHIRUPDWLRQRIWKHPHPRULHVRIGLVSRVVHVVLRQ