Ciclo de Conferencias VIA LACTEA March 2015 Santiago de Compostela as a City of Flows From the field research of the Laboratory Takenaka of Geography, Aichi Prefectural University: 2012-2014 Katsuyuki TAKENAKA Aerial image of Santiago INTRODUCTION 1 City of Flows ▶ Manuel Castells, sociologist of Span- ish origin, set the expanding space of flows against the conventional space of places. The space of flows share determined func- tions , linked by electronic circuits and fast transportation, and isolates human experi- ences in the space of places. ▶ City of flows can be understood as a type of urbanity that nourishes itself from dif- ferent kinds of flows. In Japan, discussion has been done around the importance of human flows, particularly of non-resident population, as a vital power to empower small and medium-sized cities in decaying process. Source: Google Earth. マイル 3 km 6 Santiago Cethedral INTRODUCTION 2 Santiago as a city of flows ▶ Santiago has a permanet population (resi- dents) of some 95.000 in its municipal area, and near 180.000 in the metropolitan area. The real vital power, however, consists in its daily human inflows, that is, around 100.000 non-residents (Atlas Socioeconómico de Galicia Caixano- USC va). ▶ Among the most representative daily flows, we can cite tourists and pilgrims, university students, government employ- ees, or people who come to Santiago to re- ceive medical service. Source: Concello de Santiago. Santiago Cethedral INTRODUCTION 3 Santiago as a city of places ▶ Against the flow-based conception of San- tiago, we can also understand this capital city as a city of places. ▶ For example, Obradoiro is the central square, where numerous collectivities, such as officials, students, tourists, pilgrims, are USC present (The Hospital used to attend pilgrims and cure sick people). However, it is also a place of memo- ry , which embodies the experience of impor- tant popular events. ▶ Maybe the same can be said with the Praza Universidade. It is one of the most busy gateways to the USC, but also a meeting place, a “cafe”, known and used by everyone. SantiagoAerial image Cethedral of Santiago INTRODUCTION 4 Crossroads make city ▶ Mikio Wakabayashi, a Japanese sociol- ogist, asserts that city is a nodal point where different kinds of human communications (economy, politics, religion, etc.) meet one another, giving place to a sedentary as yet ever evolv- ing human life. ▶ When different kinds of flows interact, making the built environment a privileged scene to store collective memory, we can say that we have a city. This is a kind of urbanity where the space of flows do not exclude the space of places, a space where crossroads make city. Source: Concello de Santiago. Streets in a theme park INTRODUCTION 5 Managing flows and places ▶ So, struggle of a city to survive in the era of globalization is, to a greater extent, a col- lective task for managing between flows and places. ▶ Gaining more flows helps the city keep a Source: Poble Espanyol. decent position in the global economy. How- A hub station ever, if anonyim flows overwhelm the places of citizens, the city’s momumental streets can be reduced to places for nostalgy. Also, a whole city can get minimized to a simple logistic infrastructure serving the global economic power. Then, the city runs the risk of UrBanalization, a concept brought up by the Spanish geographer, Francesc Muñoz. Santiago at different scales INTRODUCTION 6 Approaching Santiago ▶ Laboratory Takenaka of Geography (Aichi Prefectural University) conducted a field sur- vey in Santiago from 2012 to 2014. ▶ The main purpose of the research was to verify if the two dimensions discussed, city of Source: Google Earth. flows and city of places, interact each other マイル 3 km 6 leading to a dynamic process, in which not only the places call for flows, but also the flows contribute to activate places. ▶ This approach is particularly useful in a medium-sized city like Santiago, where, as is discussed before, daily human flows repre- sent an essential part in the socioeconomic basis of the city. Source: Concello de Santiago. 500m SantiagoSantiago, Cethedral the Old Town FIELD SURVEY 2012【スペイン全図】 7 バスク バスターミナル ビスタ・アレグレ ガリシア 公園 Field survey 2012 カタルーニャ ポ ル ト ガ ル ）▶ Four different perceptions of Santi- 道 マドリード 街 ago フォンティニャスwere distinguished among people occu- ゴ 地区 ル pied in: a) municipal government; b) retailing; （ 通 り サ ド ロ c) hotels and restaurants management; and カルメ・デ・ ン ・ ペ アンダルシア アバイショ地区 歴史地区 カナリアス諸島 d) local inhabitants. From a) through200km c), some people are residents of Santiago and⾃治州界 others アラメダ are non-residents. 【ガリシア⾃治州】 サンティアゴ・デ・ ▶ The interviews, each 1-2 hoursア・コルニャ long, コンポステラ⼤学 were多⽬的ホール focused on the Old Town. This ex- ビダ・キャンパス フォンテス・ド・サル サンティアゴ・デ tremely dense urban fabric with・コンポステラ numerous 拡 張 地 区 ルゴ symbolic sites, developed historically as the crossroads of the pilgrimage routes. ビゴ オウレンセ ⽂ 化 都 市 鉄道駅 Source: Elaboration based on data provided 50km （パドロン街道） 県界 ロサリア・デ・カストロ通り by the Concello de Santiago. A. Ayuntamiento FIELD SURVEY 2012 8 Área del Plan Especial de la Ciudad Histórica Municipal Government-1 camino Officers of the Municipal Office for Historic calle ▶ City and Rehabilitation recognize an extended camino territory for Santiago Old Town: the “almond” calle (in reference to the ancient walled area) and nearby Alameda area extending along the caminos. For them, the Old Town, especially the Cathedral, is something worth contemplating from a distance. ▶ The Old Town’s paths are represented as stone-paved streets, which are an important part of the historic built environment. On the fringe of this area, traditional stone hous- es encounter in a surprising manner the idyl- lic Galician green field. TheCathedral Cathedral seen seen from from La AlamedaLa Alameda Casa do Cabildo FIELD SURVEY 2012 9 Municipal Government-2 ▶ The conception of this “extended” Old Town dates back to a government ordinance enacted in 1964. Thereafter, Santiago Old Town has been represented in the urban planning as a whole set of monumental sites, Source: Consorcio de Santiago. a Historic-Artistic Ensemble. Traditional techniques ▶ From this viewpoint, what gives the Old Town its raison d’être is the authenticity at- tributed to the historic built environment. However, for Santiago Consortium, a public entity for preservation projects, it is more im- portant to assist in the city’s evolution with the application of traditional techniques, rather than to define the final form of the city. Source: Consorcio de Santiago. B. Comerciantes FIELD SURVEY 2012 10 Mercado Retailing-1 ▶ For the Association of Merchants, Entre- preneurs and Professionals-Open Commer- Rúa do Vilar Rúa Nova cial Centre “Compostela Monumental”, the Old Town is synonym of the walled area, Adoquines／ pas eo because this represents a compact and dense field for the commercial activi- Rúa do Vilar ties linked to everyday life. ▶ The stone-paved streets provide an ideal stage setting for sophisticated shops and a free space as well for people walking and en- joying events. The neighbourhood along Rúa do Vilar and Rúa Nova are the honour for the Old Town’s commercial tradition. Rúa Nova FIELD SURVEY 2012 11 Retailing-2 ▶ Since the shopping centres developed near highways are their main rival, the CM has been carrying out actions to increase the competitiveness of small retailing business. 1 Xestión Comercial (Dinamización - Integración na cidade) In such a strategy, the Old Town is often pre- . ESPONSOR OFICIAL DA S.D. COMPOSTELA DE FÚTBOL sented as the nucleus of a compact city, "Compostela Monumental" an alternative discussed worldwide against low-density developments. ▶ There is, however, another risk factor: the great concentration of tourist-oriented services. This situation has its clear expres- sion in an increasing number of souvenir shops or sporadic conflicts with bars over the use of terraces. Source: Compostela Munumental. CCA CM CCA 12 Aeropuerto C. Hostelería FIELD SURVEY 2012 International camino Cidade da Cultura Hotels and restaurants-1 Mercado ▶ Hotels and restaurants are the sector that camino makes the most intensive use of the Old camino Town. Also, they benefits the most from the Santiago y daily inflows to Santiago, especially of na- Rúa do su comarca Franco tional and international tourists. ▶ The streets converging at the Cathe- Rúa do Franco dral are just “the last corner” before arrival to the destination. For the Association of En- trepreneurs in Hotels and Restaurants Busi- ness, the Old Town is the great crossroads square, and Rúa do Franco its most rep- resentative and busy street. Yet their open- ness to an extensive field connected by the pilgrimage roads is critically important. Santiago, past and future FIELD SURVEY 2012 13 Hotels and restaurants-2 ▶ The great concentration of bars and res- taurants in the Old Town sometimes origi- nates frictions with the people living in the same area, for whom the intrusion of tourists only brings “noise”, distorting their everyday Source: CompH!ostelaría, no. 151 (2011). life. As is already discussed, there can be fric- Cidade da Cultura tions even with the retailing sector. ▶ Among the interviewees, the association of hotels and restaurants was actually the only one in referring to the polemic project of the Cidade da Cultura (City of Culture). Here, the twin tower designed by John Hejduk is represented as the future for Santiago, in con- trast with the Cathedral’s twin towers. D. Vecinos FIELD SURVEY 2012 14 Mercado barrio barrio Residents ▶ In the case of the local residents living in- calle side the Old Town, their spacial perception barrio barrio hardly surpasses the inmediate neghbour- hood for daily use. For the Residents As- calle sociation “Compostela Vella”, it takes a barrio lot of efforts to bring small neighbourhoods "Compostela Vella" toghther under a common objective.