AND OT HE R T ISH ST O N E MON UM E N T S Astro n o mica lly Co n side red L KYE R R S SIR N OR M AN C F . O . P , . DIRECTO R O F THE SOLAR PHYSICS O BSER V ATORY N . G L AS G O\V N S B G S HO LL D , ; HO . C . D . , CA M RID E ; CORRESPONDENT OF THE IN TITUTE OF FRA NCE ; CORRESPONDIN G M EM B ER OF THE I M PERIAL ACADE M Y OF SCIENCES B OF ST . PETERS URG ; THE SOCIETY FOR THE PRO M OTION OF NATIONAL INDUSTRY ; S G T G ; K OF FRANCE THE ROYAL ACADEM Y OF CIENCE , O TIN EN THE FRAN LIN NS ; S B SS I TITUTE , PHILADELPHIA THE ROYAL M EDICAL OCIETY OF RU ELS ; SOCIETY OF ITALIAN SPE CT ROSC OI’ IST S ; THE ROYAL ACADE MY OF PALER M O ; THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF G ENEV A ; OF THE ASTRONOM ICAL X B L Y NC E I T M ; M M R T R AL A AD M , SOCIE Y OF E ICO E E OF HE OYS C E Y OF RO M E AND THE A M ERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL OCIETY , PHILADELPHIA ; HONORARY M E M B ER OF THE ACADE MY OF NATURAL SCIENCE OF CATANIA ; PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF YOR K ; LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF M ANCHESTER ; ROYAL CORN W ALL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION AND LEI-I IG H UNI V ERSITY iLo n D un M A M L L A N A N D L u C O . m m o C I , 1 9 0 6 PR E FAC E IN continuation of my work on the astronomical uses m l s of the Egyptian Te p e , I have from time to time , w hen leisure has permitted , given attention to some of i the stone c rcles and other stone monuments erected , as I i d eve . On e , for similar uses in this country reason for n g so was that in consequence of the supinen ess of sive Governments , and the neglect and wanton tion by individuals , the British monuments are i l p d y disappearing . Alth ou h g , and indeed because , these inquiries are till incomplete , I now bring together some of the I have collected , as they may induce other r rs So m e to go on with the work . e of the results obtained have been communicated to the Royal and others have appeared in articles published i tu r c mon u , but only a small percentage of the available has so far been examined . Further s are required in order that t h e hypothesis this book may be rej ected or confirmed . at io n s made at Stonehenge referred to I had the inestimable advantage of obligations . \Vith regard to the other monuments besides Stone ‘ n t o t e n de r n n he ge , I have my tha ks to the followi g ge n tlemen for most valuable local assistan ce ' — Britta n y Lieut . de Vaisseau Devoir . — n . St en n ess Mr . Spe ce — L n n . w Stanto Drew Professor loyd Morga , Mr Morro , and Mr . Dymond . an d n — h H n o . The Hurlers , the Merry Maide s the Rig t H n . n Me o rt o n Viscou t Falmouth , Capt enderso , IValli . Bolitho an d Mr . s — Mr H l . an T re asea d . g orton Bolitho Mr Thomas . f Av n u —Mr “ s . The Dartmoor e e orth . n The followi g have helped me in many ways , amo ng an d — them with advice criticism Principal Rhys , W . L allis Budge , Dr J G Frazer , and Mr A . Lewis . The assi stan ce so gen erously afforded in t he case investigated till his retirement . To his R E Colonel R . C . Hellard , , I am already deep obligations . the use of some of the Illustrations my thanks A due to the Royal Society , the Society of ntiquaries , t he . Royal Institute of British Architects , Messrs Mac millan , and Mr . John Murray . I have to thank Mr . Rolston , one of my in . staff, for assistance the computations involved NORMAN LOCKYER . R PH YS I S OBSE RV T R Y SOLA C A O , 1 th a 1906 7 M y , . C ONT ENT S INTRODUCTORY THE ASTRONO M ICAL D I V ISIONS OF THE YEAR THE AGRICULTURAL D I V ISIONS OF THE YEAR THE V ARIOUS NEW - YEAR D AYS CONDITIONS AN D TRADITI ONS AT STONEHENGE G ENERAL ARCHITECTURE OF STONEHENGE ASTRONOMICAL O BSERV ATIONS AT STONEHENGE IN 1901 A E IC O B RV I S 1901 RCH OLOG AL SE AT ON AT STONEHENGE , ‘ W AS THERE AN E ARLIER CIRCLE Z THE MAY AN D JUNE W ORSHIPS IN B RITTANY ASTRONOMICAL HINTS FOR ARCHE OLOG ISTS ASTRONO M ICAL H INTS FOR AR CH fEOLOG IST S (Co n tin u ed) ° ST E NN E SS Lat 59 N ( . ) ° ’ H R RS Lat 5 0 31 N . THE U LE ( . ) ° ’ M M ID CI C 5 0 4 N . THE ERRY A ENS R LE (Lat . ) THE T R EG ASE AL CIRCLES SOME OTHER CORNISH MONUMENTS THE CLOCK- STARS IN E GYPT AND BRITAIN A SHORT HISTORY OF S UN - TEMPLES L F F A R M - PR E XXX . THE I E O THE ST ONO ER I STS APPE ND IC E S . 1. D ETAILS OF THE THEODOLITE O B SERV ATI ONS AT STONEHENGE II . SUGGESTIONS ON FIELD O BSERV ATIONS INDE X LIST OF ILLU ST R AT IONS Prese n t Sun W o rs hip in Japan Th e Cel e st al h r Co n d t o n s at t h e No rt h Pole i Sp e e , i i Th e Cel e st al h r Co n d t o n s at t h e E u at o r i Sp e e , i i q T h e Cel e st al h r Co n d t o n s in a Middl e Lat t u de i Sp e e , i i i T he Fo u r Ast ro n o mical D ivi s i o n s o f t h e Ye ar n i lat T h e V ar io us Be arin g s o f t h e Su n R is in g s an d Set t i gs n N . i ° t ude 5 1 Th e Ast ro n omi cal an d V ege t at io n D ivi s i o n s o f t h e Ye ar Or igin al T o o lin g o f t h e St o n es at St o n e h e n ge Vi ew o f St o n e h en ge fro m t h e W e st ’ Co o f Ho are s Plan o f St o n e h en e 1810 py g , T h e Lean i n g St o n e in 1901 Th e Axis o f t h e Templ e o f Karn ak Plan o f t h e m l o f R ams s II in t h e Me mn o n a at h b s Te p e e . i T e e On e o f t h e remain in g T r ilit h o n s at St o n e h en ge G en e ral Plan o f St o n e h en ge Th e Arran ge men t s fo r rai sin g t h e St on e Th e Cradle an d Su ppo rt s T h e Frame u s ed t o lo cat e t h e Fi n ds S o me o f t h e Fli n t Impl e men t s Sh o win g t he care ful T o o l in g o f t h e Sar sen s Face o f R o ck again st w h i c h a St o n e was made t o re s t T he Lean i n g St o n e Upr ight 1905 St o n es made b y t h e Ordn an ce Sur v ey in t h e Co mmo n Axis o f t h e Cir cl e an d Aven u e at Le Mén e c en hir an d Cro ml e c h xii L I ST OF I LLU STRATI O NS Alig n me n t at Lagatjar (pho t o graph) Al ign me n t s at Lagatjar (plan ) Mcn hirs o n So lst it ial an d May Al ign me n t s m l t u de s o r Azi D iagram fo r fi n di n g D ecli n at io n fro m give n A p i mut h s In Brit ish Lat it u de s D t o 2 15 0 B . c . D e clinat io n s o f No r t h ern Stars fro m25 0 A .