A.4. Families of SClAROlDEA Geir E. E. SDLI, J. R. VOCKEROTHand Loi'c MATILE Slender to moderately robust flies, 2.2-13.3 Adult. Head (Figs 3-15): with posterior sur- mm long (Figs 1-2). Thoracic and tibial bristles face usually more or less flattened, and in the ma- often strong. Coxae long; tibia usually with strong jority of species inserted below level of upper apical spurs (Fig. 26). Colour varied; body usu- margin of strongly arched thorax. Eyes usually ally dull yellow, brown or black, rarely brightly densely haired, rarely bare or with a few short marked; wings sometimes with conspicuous hairs, usually situated on lower part of head and markings. widely separated above, with eye bridge incom- Fig. 4.1. Mycetophila fungorum (DeGeer). 50 Geir E. E. SOLI, J. R. VOCKEROTH and Loic MATILE Fig. 4.2. Phthinia winnertzi Mik. plete in some Ditomyiidae and complete eye- duced into a slender cylindrical proboscis several hridge in Paramanota Tuomikoski (Oriental). times as long as height of head in Rhynchopla- Three ocelli ~~suallypresent, variable in position; tyura de Meijere (Oriental), Gnoriste Meigen (Fig. median ocellus sometimes very small or absent (Fig. 15), and nlost Lygistorrhinidae (Fig. 12). Lahella 6);all ocelli absent only in Hesperodes Coquillett usually large and fleshy, pillow-like, with pseudo- (Nearctic) and in Syndocosia Speiser (Afrotropi- tracheae (Fig. 4), hut greatly reduced in several cal). Frons between ocelli and antcnilal bases Keroplatidae, Metanepsia Edwards (Afrotropi- bare or haired, sometin~eswith very strong setae cal, Oriental), Chalastonepsia and Seguyola Ma- along anterior l~order;anteriorly commonly pro- tile (Afr~tro~ical);labella very long and slender duced into well demarcated frontal t~ihercle(Fig. in most Lygistorrhinidae, except in Seguyola. 3). A frontal furrow runs between thc median Cardo reduced in most Mycctophilidae, though ocellus and the frontal tubercle, though some- not in Mycomya Rondaili (Fig. 7)and Synapha times partly or entirely reduced (Fig. 6). Meigen; stipes seeiningly always present and Antenna (Figs 12-15) usually inserted at mid- with some strong setae, not rarely medially fused dle of hend, sometimes well above middle e.g., (Fig. 4). Prementum son~etimespresent as a pair in Manota Willistoil and in some Keroplatidae, of small rounded sclcrites, hut usually only the varying in length from scarcely longer than head premental apodemes remain. The outline of thcse to several times as long as body; flagellum usu- apodemes varies considerably, hut in the com- ally cylindrical, so~netimesthickened basally and mon pattern the two apodeines are inedially tapering towards apex, ~~sunllywith 14 flagel- fused 2nd articulate with the first segment of the 1ome1-es- but wit11 additional very sinall terminal labellurn anteriorly; posteriorly produced into a flagellomere in some Keroplatidae and with pair of prolonged processes (Fig. 3). Lncinia large fewer than 14 flagelloineres in other Keroplati- or minute (Fig. 8), entirely reduced in most My- dac and with 9-13 in Cordyla Meigen; flagel- ~eto~hiliiiae.l'alpus apparently prehensile in lonleres strongly corupressed or pectinate or l'ara~norganiellaTonnoir (Austrnlian), ~isuallywith 11otll in some Ditomyiidae and Keroplatidae (Fig. five segnlents although first two are usually very 13), and in one species of Chalastonepsia Suli short and not apparent in dry specimens, 11ut froin Japan (Kallweit 1998), usually clothed with soinetinles with fewer than five segments - seenl- short dense hairs, but sometimes wit11 short bris- ingly four in many Mycetophilinac due to reduc- tles anlong the hairs, or with long hairs as in tion of second, andlor fusion of the first two some species of Bolitophila Meigen, very long (Fig", 1 l), three in Keroplatus Bosc and several and hair-like in an Oriental species of Chalirs- related genera (loss of apical three palpal seg- tonepsia. ments), two to four in solme Neotropical species Face ~isuallybroad and setose, but very nar- of Dziedzickia Johrunnsen, one short segment in row in some Kcroplatidae. Clypeus sometimes Metanepsia and Chalastonepsiir, and one very long completely fused wit11 face or nearly so (Fig. 5); filanleiltous segment in I,ygistorrhina Skuse; seg- more commonly a rounded, setose sclerite be low^ ments variahle in length and form, ~isuallyslen- face, in latter case probably representing the der, hut sometimes one or more broadened or lower part of a secondary divided clypeus, the swollen; specialised sensory structures presum- upper part of which is fused with face (Crampton ably always present on segment 3, ~isuallywith 1942; h/Iatile 1990). A well-developed ciharial modified (often slightly cluhbed) setae, taking punlp, attached to the lateral parts of clypeus, following forms - a median pit (Fig. 9), a median nearly always present. 1,abruln present or absent, or lateral surface patch (Fig. l O), a dorsal and bare or with some setae. ventral pit (Asindulu~n),or a longitudinal groove Mouthparts ~~s~iallyrn~ich shorter than half with a highly modified surface and 3 deep inter- hcight of head, but about as long as height of nal invagination (Fig. 11). head ill Asindztlum Latreille (Fig. 14), Antlemon Thorax (Figs 16-20) varying in form from Haliday and most Mircrorrhyncha Winnertz; pro- compressed and deep to depressed and low. rl-l~o- 52 Geir E. E. SDLI, J. R. VOCKEROTH and Loic MATILE racic sclerites varying considerably in size, shape, Lateral cervical sclerite usually triangular, and distinctness; thoracic structure used to deter- bare. Antepronoturn well-developed, usually se- mine relationships among genera and subfamilies tose, dorsally fused with postpronoturn, forming (Shaw 1948; Shaw and Shaw 1951), but not sat- a bare, collar-like structure above the neck, ven- isfactorily and therefore requiring more study. trally partly or entirely fused with proepisternum PtP tent - sti car sti Figs 4.3-11. Heads. 3-4: Coelosia fusca Bezzi: 3: frontal view, 4: lateral view; 5: Paratinia sciarina Mik, frontal view; 6: Exechiopsis (Exechiopsis) clypeata (Lundstrorn), frontal view; 7: Mycomya nitida (Zetterstedt), posterior view. 8-11: palpi: 8: Leptomor~huswalkeri Curtis; 9: Phronia siebeckii Dziedzicki; 10: Paratinia sciarina Mik; 11: Cordyla fusca (Meigen) (abbreviations: antf: antennifer, ant S: antenna1 socket, a t p: anterior tentorial pit, car: cardo, cib p: cibarial pump, clyp: clypeus, fc: face, fr: frons, fr fur: frontal furrow, fr tub: frontal tubercle, lac: lacinia, Ibl: labellun~,Ibr: labrurn, lin: lingua, pip: palpornere, prernnt ap: prernental apodeme, pstr: pseudotrachea, p t p: posterior tentorial pit, sti: stipes, tent: tentoriurn). (episternum 1); suture between the two usually fork (furca 2) in form of two heavily sclerotized, distinct, but in a few genera poorly developed, in basally jointed funnels. An elongated triangular particular posteriorly. Proepimeron (epimcron process, ventral process 2, extends laterally from 1) less conspicuous, usually triangular. Proster- the furcasternum and articulates with the inner num usually strongly reduced; most distinct fea- coxal margin. ture being the heavily sclerotized fore coxal furca Metanotum narrow, bare, situated posterior (furca 1) appearing as a pair of stalked, rounded to mediotergite, laterally fused with metapleuron and flattencd interior protul>erances. by membranous area. Halter apparently with a Shape of scutum varies from evenly to highly fairly constant outline, but one or more setae arched. 111 some genera, like in the Neotropical Inay be situated just behind its base. A distinct Thoracotropis Freeman, and in Sceptonia Win- pleural suture divides inetapleuron into anterior nertz and Epicypta Winnertz, strongly produced metepisternum (episternum 3) and posterior me- anteriorly, above the head, giving the gnat a tepimeron (epimeron 3). Metepistern~im~isually somewhat stooping image. Scut~im with two loilgitudinally divided, but in most genera the inorc or less distinct infrascutal sutures, an ante- two parts can not be distinguished. Hind-coxal rior parapsidal suture and a inedian transverse fork (furca 3) and ventral process 3 both well- suture (Fig. 16). Scutal vestiture highly variable, developed. ~isuallymade up of a mixture of discal setae and Anterior thoracic spiracle located between an- bristles, ine evenly dispersed or arranged in defi- tepronotum and anepisternum, co~~~monlybor- nite lines. The two genera Leiella Enderlein, 1910 dered by fine trichia; posterior spiracle located (IVeotropical) and Allactoneura de Meijere are below laterotergite and ahove nletapleuron (Fig. 16). probably ~iniquein having the discal setae dis- Wing (Figs 31-96) considerably reduced in tinctly flattened. Mediotergite usually bare, Illore size in female of one species of Macrocera rarely with medially andior laterally arranged se- Meigen (from Crozet Island), in Baeopterogynn tac. Latcrotergite prominent, ovate, bare or se- Vockeroth, in some species of Keroplatinae from tose, varying from being evenly arched to Nepal, in some specimens of hot11 sexes of one stroilgly protruding, sometimes with a pro- (Nearctic) species of Boletinn Stacger and in the nounced longitudinal keel. Anepistern~imalways Afrotropical Moriniola Matile. Species of Allac- well-developed, triangular, quadrate to subquad- toneura arc peculiar in having the wings foldcd rate, in some genera greatly developed, usually in LI vespid-like manner (Fig. 59). Veins often with at the expense of the preepisternum 2. Both an- setae; n~embraneusually densely