Universität Basel – Philosophisch-Historische Fakultät Englisches Seminar LIZENTIATSARBEIT The Case of Estuary English – Supposed Evidence and a Perceptual Approach Eingereicht am: 13. Juli 1999 Ruedi Haenni e-mail: [email protected] Referent: Prof. Dr. W. Elmer Korreferent: Prof. Dr. D. J. Allerton Acknowledgements Before tackling the allegedly frightening task of writing a licentiate paper, I was warned by fellow students that I was about to embark on a truly lonesome chore… However, these gloomy predictions were to be entirely disproved: I am indebted to a great number of people who in some way or another contributed to this paper, either by providing in- valuable material, by helping me to set up and carry out the survey within a few weeks only, by proof-reading again and again at relatively short notice or, last but not least, by steadily encouraging me throughout the whole writing process: D.J. Allerton, Sylvia Boynton, Merilyn Brason, Peter Burleigh, Paul Coggle, Neil Ed- wards, Willy Elmer, Peter Grace, Samantha Jones, Adrian Käch, Paul Kerswill, Eva Morawietz, John Porter, Dennis Preston, Guy Schiltz, William Skilton, Walter Sodeau, Sheila Stubbs, Catherine Tye, Clive Upton, Michael Woodyatt, and the many anonymous National Trust volunteers, members of the YMCA section in Reading and students of the University of Reading whose conscientious work formed the very basis of this study. R.H. ii Contents List of Abbreviations iv 1. Introduction 1 PART I: WHAT IS ESTUARY ENGLISH? 2. Constructing Estuary English 4 2.1. Attempts at Definitions of EE and Other General Comments 6 2.2. The Salient Features of EE 14 2.2.1. Consonantal Features 14 2.2.2. Vowel and Diphthong Phenomena 26 2.2.3. Other Features of EE 39 2.2.4. Summary 46 2.3. Geographical and Sociolinguistic Aspects 47 2.4. A Broader View on EE – Accommodation Theory and Dialect Levelling 55 PART II: PERCEPTIONS OF ESTUARY ENGLISH 3. Perceptual Studies of Estuary English so far 61 4. Methodological Background – Social Psychology and Perceptual Dialectology 64 5. Design of the Study 72 5.1. The Sample 72 5.2. The Questionnaire 75 6. Results – Perceptions of Estuary English 82 6.1. Drawing Maps: The Mental Dialect Landscape of Britain 83 6.2. Overt Notions of EE 89 6.3. Testing the Validity of the Concept – Overt Notions of British Speech by the ‘non-EE group’ 93 6.4. Ratings of Voice Samples 102 7. Coda – Assessing the Case of Estuary English 119 Appendices 126 A – Perceptual Maps 126 B – Summary of Respondents’ Biographical Data 131 C – Transcripts of Voice Samples 133 D – A few Examples of Respondents’ Maps 134 E – Summary of Labels 137 F – The Geographical Spread of EE (as perceived by members of the ‘EE group’) 140 G – Ratings of Public Figures 141 H – Detailed Ratings of Voice Samples 142 Bibliography 149 Supplement: Questionnaire iii List of Abbreviations AmE American English BrE British English C Cardinal Vowel cf. confer DTW ‘Disgusted of Tunbridge Wells’ (cf. 2.4.) EE Estuary English EFL English as a Foreign Language EngE English English (= British English) EPD English Pronouncing Dictionary (cf. bibliography) GB General British (cf. Windsor Lewis 1990) GenAm General American GLC Greater London Council LDOCE Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (cf. bibliography) LPD Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (cf. bibliography) MGT Matched-Guise Technique NHS National Health Service NLV New London Voice NT National Trust p. page PD Perceptual Dialectology R Respondent RP Received Pronunciation SED Survey of English Dialects (cf. bibliography) StdEng Standard English TES Times Educational Supplement UCL University College London US United States V Vowel YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association # ‘number’ (used for the seven voice samples) iv 1. Introduction In a crime novel1 by the Scottish writer Val McDermid, the accent of one of the pro- tagonists is described as follows: The accent was Estuary English. It had never been one of Lindsay’s favourites, al- ways reminding her of spivvy Tory MPs on the make. Distance hadn’t lent it en- chantment. (p. 14) Arguably, the exact nature of this character’s accent might have been as much of a mys- tery to many readers as the actual plot itself. However, this ‘Estuary English’ is by no means only a figment of this particular author’s imagination, as it keeps cropping up in many other places as well, e.g. in a ‘lifestyle diary’ on the Internet:2 Where I’m currently doing my freelance thing – a government body I’ll refer to as the Department of Cushions – is a very male place. […] There are lots of men in their fifties with hair like mad chemistry teachers’ and jolly regional accents (instead of that slovenly Estuary English spoken by everyone under 35), [etc.]. (my italics) Or in a CD review:3 Elsewhere ‘The Jam Collection’ is akin to leafing through someone’s old photo al- bum or scrapbook. Petulant teenage traumas turned into ineffectual broadsides, the crippling three-piece chemistry (one loudmouth driving two dullish henchmen) and Weller’s valiant struggle to adapt his voice – posturing, prolish, estuary English – into a vibrant and soulful entity cloud the songwriting craft. (my italics) So far, these quotes seem to suggest that Estuary English (or EE, for short) does not rank among the most pleasant accents. There are exceptions to the rule, though: In Hugh Linehan’s feature in the Irish Times on the screening of the film Sliding Doors at the Dublin Film Festival 1998, the term is used much more neutrally: […] Peter Howitt’s slick, funny romantic comedy Sliding Doors, starring Gwyneth Paltrow as a young Londoner working in public relations. […] Howitt’s good- looking if somewhat glib directorial debut is aimed foursquare at the Sleepless in Seattle market, with a touch of Four Weddings and a Funeral thrown in for good measure, although Paltrow, sporting an impeccable estuary English accent, is much more likeable than either Meg Ryan or Andie McDowell.4 (my italics) The seemingly natural use of the term by all these writers suggests the existence of a dis- tinct accent – distinct enough even to be chosen by an American actress (Paltrow) to convey a certain image. Quite obviously, there is more to EE than merely being another example of voluble ‘mediaspeak’. Indeed, „there is a new buzzword going the rounds in England – Estuary English“ (Wells 1997)5. But what exactly is it? 1 McDermid, Val (1997): Booked for Murder. The Fifth Lindsay Gordon Mystery. London: The Women’s Press. 2 cf. <http://www.impolex.demon.co.uk/diary/current/december97/021297.html> 3 Review of ‘The Jam Collection’ by Gavin Martin ©NME 1996 (cf. <www.skynet.co.uk/~kefansu/the_jam/jamar16.html>). 4 Linehan, Hugh (1998): ‘Painting the social canvases’. Irish Times, 10 March 1998. 5 Many of the articles, essays, etc. quoted in this paper are either taken from the Internet (in particular, from Wells’ ‘Estuary English’ Homepage, cf. below) or have been sent to me by e-mail. In these cases, there is no point in giv- 1 The term ‘Estuary English’ was coined in 1984 by the EFL teacher David Rosewarne in an article in the Times Educational Supplement. According to the article’s subtitle, it de- scribes a „newly observed variety of English pronunciation“ in the surroundings of the Thames – thus the name. Later on, Rosewarne published further articles on EE,6 but his primary focus since has been on lecturing and broadcasting on the subject. The other main source of information is Paul Coggle’s book Do You Speak Estuary? (1993) – the most extensive work so far and a kind of ‘recipe-book’ of EE7 which is aimed at a broad readership. For a long time, Rosewarne’s and Coggle’s writings have remained the only substan- tial publications on EE. Apart from a few occasional comments8, the academic world has been remarkably silent – or even indifferent. The only exceptions are J.C. Wells and his ‘phonetic think-tank’ at the UCL who have made considerable efforts to provide a more systematic analysis of EE.9 The media, however, exhibited fewer reservations on the subject. Always game for a good story, journalists dwelled on the prospect of embarking on another discussion of language standards. Nearly all major ‘broadsheets’ in Britain, but also other papers around the world (e.g. The New York Times or the South China Morning Post10) have pub- lished one or more articles on EE in recent years.11 And once the term had been discov- ered by the media, the public’s fierce reaction – against what was thought to be yet an- other example of the steady decay of society – was not very long in coming. Even politi- cians felt compelled to join in the public outcry: Gillian Shephard, the former British Education Secretary, called EE „a bastardised version of Cockney dialect“12 and used it as an opportunity to launch her ‘Better English Campaign’.13 Such overt stigmatisation of EE stands in sharp contrast to the pioneers’ understand- ing of the concept: Coggle’s book is subtitled ‘The new Standard English’ and Rosewarne ing exact page references, as they would be entirely arbitrary. The same applies to the draft versions or printouts of forthcoming papers which were given to me directly by the respective authors. This policy will be maintained throughout this paper. 6 i.e. Rosewarne (1994a, 1994b and 1996); though Rosewarne (1984) and (1994a) are nearly identical. 7 cf. Parsons (1998:40). 8 e.g. Battarbee (1996), Kerswill (1994), Köhlmyr (1996). Schoenberger (s.a.) has merely summarised Rosewarne’s ideas without further comments (<http://www.padl.ac.at/luf/e/est01.htm>). 9 e.g.