Standardization roadmap For Unmanned Aircraft Systems, Version 1.0 Prepared by the ANSI Unmanned Aircraft Systems Standardization Collaborative (UASSC) December 2018 ©2018 American National Standards Institute (ANSI). All rights reserved. Published by ANSI. Printed in the United States of America. Limited License: This material may be copied without permission from ANSI only for non-commercial and non-promotional purposes and if and to the extent that text is not altered or deleted in any fashion and the ANSI copyright is clearly noted as set forth immediately above. No part of this publication may be re- produced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, except as permitted by the Limited License or under Sections 107 or 108 of the U.S. Copyright Act, without prior written permission of the publisher. Material in this publication is for educational purposes. Neither the publisher nor the authors assume any liability for any errors or omissions or for how this publication or its contents are used or interpreted or for any consequences resulting directly or indirectly from the use of this publication. For legal or other advice, please consult your personal lawyer or the appropriate professional. The views expressed by the individuals in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views shared by the companies they are employed by (or the companies mentioned in this publication). The employment status and affiliations of authors with the companies referenced are subject to change. Table of Contents Table of Contents ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 Acknowledgments …..………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 Executive Summary …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 15 Summary Table of Gaps and Recommendations………………………………………………………………………………. 17 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 37 1.1. Situational Assessment for UAS ....................................................................................... 37 1.2. Roadmap Background, Objectives, and Audience ............................................................. 38 1.3. Roadmap Structure ......................................................................................................... 40 1.4. Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 42 2. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Inter-governmental Cooperation………………….. 43 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 43 2.2. Operating Rules to Enable Current UAS Operations .......................................................... 43 2.3. The Movement Toward Full Operational Integration ........................................................ 45 2.4. International Outreach and Engagement ......................................................................... 45 3. Overviews of Other Selected U.S. Federal Government Agency Activities……………………….. 47 3.1. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) ......................................................................... 47 3.2. Department of the Interior (DOI) ..................................................................................... 48 3.3. International Trade Administration (ITA) ......................................................................... 49 3.4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ................................................... 50 3.5. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) ......................................... 53 3.6. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ..................................................... 53 4. Overviews of Private-Sector Standards Development Organization Activities…………………. 57 4.1. 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ....................................................................... 57 4.2. Airborne Public Safety Accreditation Commission (APSAC) ............................................... 58 4.3. American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) .......................................................... 59 4.4. American Society of Safety Professionals (ASSP) .............................................................. 60 4.5. ASTM International (ASTM) ............................................................................................. 60 4.6. Consumer Technology Association (CTA) .......................................................................... 64 4.7. Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ..................................................... 64 ANSI UASSC Standardization Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Page 3 of 248 4.8. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) ........................................................ 65 4.9. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) ..................................................................... 67 4.10. Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) ................................................................................. 67 4.11. RTCA, Inc. (RTCA) ............................................................................................................ 69 4.12. SAE International (SAE) ................................................................................................... 70 4.13. Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) ............................................................... 72 4.14. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) ................................................................................ 73 5. Overviews of Selected UAS Industry Stakeholder Activities…………………………………………….. 75 5.1. Alliance for Drone Innovation (ADI) ................................................................................. 75 5.2. Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) ............................................... 75 5.3. Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI).................................... 76 5.4. Commercial Drone Alliance ............................................................................................. 77 5.5. CTIA ................................................................................................................................79 5.6. European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) ...................................... 79 5.7. Global UTM Association (GUTMA) ................................................................................... 83 5.8. National Agricultural Aviation Association (NAAA) ........................................................... 83 5.9. National Council on Public Safety UAS (NCPSU) ................................................................ 84 5.10. National Public Safety Telecommunications Council (NPSTC) ............................................ 85 5.11. Security Industry Association (SIA) ................................................................................... 86 5.12. Small UAV Coalition ........................................................................................................ 87 6. Airworthiness Standards – WG1……………………………………………………………………………………… 89 6.1. Design and Construction .................................................................................................. 89 6.2. Safety ............................................................................................................................. 91 6.3. Quality Assurance/Quality Control .................................................................................. 95 6.4. Avionics and Subsystems ............................................................................................... 103 6.4.1. Command and Control (C2) Link .................................................................................... 106 6.4.2. Navigational Systems .................................................................................................... 109 6.4.3. Detect and Avoid (DAA) Systems ................................................................................... 113 6.4.4. Software Dependability and Approval ........................................................................... 119 6.4.5. Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems (CPARS) ..................................................... 122 6.4.6. Cybersecurity ................................................................................................................ 124 6.5. Electrical Systems .......................................................................................................... 128 ANSI UASSC Standardization Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems Page 4 of 248 6.6. Power Sources and Propulsion Systems ......................................................................... 140 6.7. Noise, Emissions, and Fuel Venting ................................................................................ 146 6.8. Mitigation Systems for Various Hazards ......................................................................... 149 6.9. Parachutes for Small UAS .............................................................................................. 153 6.10. Maintenance and Inspection ......................................................................................... 156 6.11. Enterprise Operations: Level of Automation/ Autonomy/ Artificial Intelligence (AI) ........ 158 7. Flight Operations Standards: General – WG2………………………………………………………………… 165