Thinking comparatively about Greek mythology IV, Reconstructing He#rakle#s backward in time The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Nagy, Gregory. 2019.08.15. "hinking comparatively about Greek mythology IV, Reconstructing He#rakle#s backward in time." Classical Inquiries. http://nrs.harvard.edu/ urn-3:hul.eresource:Classical_Inquiries. 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Classical Inquiries Studies on the Ancient World from the Center for Hellenic Studies Home About People References The CI Poetry Project Home » By Gregory Nagy » Thinking comparatively about Greek mythology IV, Reconstructing Hēraklēs backward in time Share This Thinking comparatively about Greek mythology IV, Reconstructing Hēraklēs backward in time August 15, 2019 By Gregory Nagy listed under By Gregory Nagy Comments off 2019.08.15 | By Gregory Nagy §0. As I have argued in the posting for 2019.07.26, “Thinking comparatively about Greek mythology I” (hereafter TC I), the myths about the Greek hero Hēraklēs and the Scandinavian hero Starkaðr are cognate, verbalized in cognate languages belonging to a language-family known to linguists as “Indo- European.” Viewed in this light, the term “Indo-European” can be applied not only with reference to cognate language-groupings like Greek and Old Norse, the second of which is a Scandinavian sub-group of Germanic, but also with reference to cognate myths transmitted in Greek and Germanic languages. That is why I could say, in the posting for 2019.08.02, “Thinking comparatively II” (hereafter TC II), that a persona like Hēraklēs as represented in Greek myths is an “Indo-European” hero, in that he is cognate with Classical Inquiries (CI) is an online, a persona like Starkaðr as represented in Old Norse myths. And then, as we saw in the posting for rapid-publication project of Harvard’s 2019.08.08, “Thinking comparatively III” (hereafter TC III), I could also say that Hēraklēs is cognate with Center for Hellenic Studies, devoted to the persona of Śiśupāla in Indic myths. After saying all that, however, I must now make a new point here sharing some of the latest thinking on in TC IV: the fact is, such mythological personae are not the same thing as historical persons, since they the ancient world with researchers and become different personalities in the course of their evolution in myths transmitted by differentiated the general public. populations speaking differentiated Indo-European languages. Accordingly, I need to qualify the idea of Hēraklēs as an “Indo-European” hero. To make this point here in TC IV, I will start to examine a complex of Greek myths conventionally known as the Labors of Hēraklēs. And my ongoing question will be: what is Editor “Indo-European” about these Labors? In my search for answers, I will be reconstructing Hēraklēs—or, better, the role of Hēraklēs—and the reconstruction will proceed backward in time, starting with a narrative that dates from the first century BCE. From there the reconstruction will proceed further back—back to the fifth century BCE, which is the historical setting for a visual representation of the Labors in the sculptures Keith Stone that once graced the metopes of the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. The illustration for the cover here shows a [email protected] prime example of these sculptures: we see here the very first of the Labors, which is the hero’s killing of the Nemean Lion. Search Subscribe Now! Subscribe to this site to receive email updates about the latest research—just one or two notices per week. EU/EEA Privacy Disclosures Now Online Metope 1: Lion, from the Temple of Zeus. Published in Curtius, Ernst, and Friedrich Adler, eds., Olympia: die Ergebnisse der von dem Deutschen Reich veranstalteten Ausgrabung. Tafelband 3: Die Bildwerke von Olympia in Stein und Thon (Berlin, 1894): plate 45. Top Posts & Pages Image after Metope 1: Lion, from the Temple of Zeus. Published in Curtius, Ernst, and Friedrich Adler, eds., Olympia: die Ergebnisse der von dem Deutschen Reich veranstalteten Ausgrabung. Tafelband 3: Die Bildwerke von Olympia in Stein und The Last Words of Socrates at Thon (Berlin, 1894): plate 45. the Place Where He Died §1.0. To grasp in its most complete available form the overall narrative of the ‘Labors’, the most accurate surviving textual source is a retelling by Diodorus of Sicily, who lived in the first century BCE. In his text, About the Green Ray of Jules Diodorus attempts a survey of all known myths about Hēraklēs (4.8–30), but I concentrate here only on his Verne and Eric Rohmer retelling of the hero’s Labors (4.11.3–4.26.4) as the starting point for my reconstructions. Then I will Thinking comparatively about compare the visual evidence we find in the fragments of sculptures once embedded in the twelve metopes of the Temple of Zeus in Olympia, dating from around 470–456 BCE. For the moment, I will leave out of Greek mythology VI, A the comparison a highly poeticized retelling of the Labors in the Herakles of Euripides, first performed Mycenaean phase in the around 416 BCE. reception of myths about Hēraklēs §1.1. To start with the Labors in the narrative of Diodorus (4.11.3–4.26.4)… §1.1.1. Here are the Twelve Labors of Hēraklēs, in the sequence indicated by Diodorus: Most Common Tags Labor 1 Lion —fights and kills the Nemean Lion (4.11.3–4) Labor 2 Achilles Aesop Aphrodite apobatēs Hydra Archilochus Ariadne Aristotle Artemis —fights and kills the Lernaean Hydra (4.11.5–6) Athena Athens Catullus chariot fighting Labor 3 Boar… Commentary Daphnis and —captures the Erymanthian Boar (4.12.1–2) Chloe Delphi Demodokos Diodorus of Sicily Labor 4 etymology Euripides Gregory Nagy H24H Hind HAA travel-study Helen Hera —captures the Hind with the Golden Horns (4.13.1) Herakles Herodotus Hippolytus Labor 5 Birds Homer Homeric epic —clears the Stymphalian Marsh of the noxious birds that infested it (4.13.2) lament mimesis Mycenae Labor 6 Iliad Augeias —clears the manure from the Stables of Augeias (4.13.3) Odysseus Odyssey Olympia Labor 7 Pausanias Phaedra Plato Poetics Bull… —captures the Cretan Bull (4.13.4) Posidippus Sappho Theseus weaving Zeus Labor 8 Horses… Archives —captures the man-eating Horses of Diomedes (4.15.3–4) Labor 9 Amazons —fights and kills Amazons, captures the ‘waistband’ of the Amazon Hippolyte (4.16.1–4) Labor 10 Users Cattle… —captures, with the help of an army and a fleet, the Cattle of Geryon (4.17.1–4.18.2) Labor 11 Hound Log in —captures Cerberus the Hound of Hādēs (4.25.1–4.26.1) 12 Apples… —takes away the Golden Apples of the Hesperides (4.26.2–4). §1.1.2. In my list of italicized one-word or one-name tags that I have given here for these Labors, I have added the sign “…” after the tags for Labors 3 (Boar…) 7 (Bull…) 8 (Horses…) 10 (Cattle…) 12 (Apples…) for the purpose of indicating wherever the sequence of Labors as narrated by Diodorus gets interrupted by insertions of additional narratives about various other deeds of Herakles that are different from the deeds known as his Labors. For reasons I will explain later, I will refer to these other deeds as sub-Labors. §1.1.3. In the expanded list that follows, I interweave the sub-Labors of Hēraklēs that interrupt the flow of