a publication of the behavioral science & policy association volume 2 issue 2 2016 featured topic social & behavioral science interventions at the federal level in this issue Nudging people to get flu vaccinations behavioralpolicy.org founding co-editors disciplinary editors Craig R. Fox (UCLA) Behavioral Economics Sim B Sitkin (Duke University) Senior Disciplinary Editor Dean S. Karlan (Yale University) bspa executive director Associate Disciplinary Editors Oren Bar-Gill (Harvard University) Colin F. Camerer (California Institute ofTechnology) Kate B.B. Wessels M. Keith Chen (UCLA) advisory board Julian Jamison (World Bank) Paul Brest (Stanford University) Russell B. Korobkin (UCLA) David Brooks (New York Times) Devin G. Pope (University of Chicago) John Seely Brown (Deloitte) Jonathan Zinman (Dartmouth College) Robert B. Cialdini (Arizona State University) Adam M. Grant (University of Pennsylvania) Cognitive & Brain Science Daniel Kahneman (Princeton University) Senior Disciplinary Editor Henry L. Roediger III (Washington University) James G. March (Stanford University) Associate Disciplinary Editors Yadin Dudai (Weizmann Institute & NYU) Jeffrey Pfeffer (Stanford University) Roberta L. Klatzky (Carnegie Mellon University) Denise M. Rousseau (Carnegie Mellon University) Hal Pashler (UC San Diego) Paul Slovic (University of Oregon) Steven E. Petersen (Washington University) Cass R. Sunstein (Harvard University) Jeremy M. Wolfe (Harvard University) Richard H. Thaler (University of Chicago) Decision, Marketing, & Management Sciences executive committee Senior Disciplinary Editor Eric J. Johnson (Columbia University) Associate Disciplinary Editors Linda C. Babcock (Carnegie Mellon University) Morela Hernandez (University of Virginia) Max H. Bazerman (Harvard University) Katherine L. Milkman (University of Pennsylvania) Baruch Fischhoff (Carnegie Mellon University) Daniel Oppenheimer (UCLA) John G. Lynch (University of Colorado) Todd Rogers (Harvard University) John W. Payne (Duke University) David Schkade (UC San Diego) Ellen Peters (Ohio State University) Joe Simmons (University of Pennsylvania) John D. Sterman (MIT) bspa team George Wu (University of Chicago) Kaye N. de Kruif, Managing Editor (Duke University) Organizational Science Carsten Erner, Statistical Consultant (UCLA) Senior Disciplinary Editors Carrie R. Leana (University of Pittsburgh) Lea Lupkin, Media Manager Jone L. Pearce (UC Irvine) A. David Nussbaum, Director of Communications (Chicago) Associate Disciplinary Editors Stephen R. Barley (Stanford University) Daniel J. Walters, Financial Consultant (UCLA) Rebecca M. Henderson (Harvard University) M. A. Woodbury, Editorial Director Thomas A. Kochan (MIT) consulting editors Ellen E. Kossek (Purdue University) Elizabeth W. Morrison (NYU) Dan Ariely (Duke University) William Ocasio (Northwestern University) Shlomo Benartzi (UCLA) Sara L. Rynes-Weller (University of Iowa) Laura L. Carstensen (Stanford University) Andrew H. Van de Ven (University of Minnesota) Susan T. Fiske (Princeton University) Social Psychology Chip Heath (Stanford University) Senior Disciplinary Editor Nicholas Epley (University of Chicago) David I. Laibson (Harvard University) Associate Disciplinary Editors Dolores Albarracín (University of Illinois) George Loewenstein (Carnegie Mellon University) Susan M. Andersen (NYU) Richard E. Nisbett (University of Michigan) Thomas N. Bradbury (UCLA) M. Scott Poole (University of Illinois) John F. Dovidio (Yale University) Eldar Shafir (Princeton University) David A. Dunning (Cornell University) senior policy editor E. Tory Higgins (Columbia University) Carol L. Graham (Brookings Institution) John M. Levine (University of Pittsburgh) Harry T. Reis (University of Rochester) policy editors Tom R. Tyler (Yale University) Henry J. Aaron (Brookings Institution) Sociology Matthew D. Adler (Duke University) Senior Disciplinary Editors Peter S. Bearman (Columbia University) Peter Cappelli (University of Pennsylvania) Karen S. Cook (Stanford University) Thomas D’Aunno (NYU) Associate Disciplinary Editors Paula England (NYU) J.R. DeShazo (UCLA) Peter Hedstrom (Oxford University) Brian Gill (Mathematica) Arne L. Kalleberg (University of North Carolina) Ross A. Hammond (Brookings Institution) James Moody (Duke University) Ron Haskins (Brookings Institution) Robert J. Sampson (Harvard University) Arie Kapteyn (University of Southern California) Bruce Western (Harvard University) John R. Kimberly (University of Pennsylvania) Mark Lubell (UC Davis) Annamaria Lusardi (George Washington University) Timothy H. Profeta (Duke University) Donald A. Redelmeier (University of Toronto) Rick K. Wilson (Rice University) Kathryn Zeiler (Boston University) Copyright © 2016 Behavioral Science & Policy is Authorization to photocopy Copyright Clearance Center, general distribution, or for Behavioral Science & Policy a publication of the Behavioral items for internal or personal 222 Rosewood Drive, creating new collective works, Association Science & Policy Association, use or the internal or personal Danvers, MA 01923. For more or for sale. Specific written Brookings Institution P.O. Box 51336, Durham, NC use of specific clients is granted information, please contact, permission for other copying 27717-1336, and is published by the Brookings Institution CCC, at +1 978-750-8400 and must be obtained from the ISSN xxxx-xxxx (print) twice yearly with the Brookings for libraries and other users online at www.copyright.com Permissions Department, ISSN xxxx-xxxx (online) Institution, 1775 Massachusetts registered with the Copyright Brookings Institution Press, ISBN xxx-x-xxxx-xxxx-x (pbk) Avenue, NW, Washington Clearance Center Transactional This Authorization does not 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW ISBN xxx-x-xxxx-xxxx-x (epub) DC 20036, and through the Reporting Service, provided that extend to other kinds of Washington, DC, 20036; e-mail: Brookings Institution Press. the basic fee is paid to the copying, such as copying for [email protected]. Behavioral Science & Policy Volume 2 Issue 2 2016 ii Editor’s note Sim B Sitkin & Craig R. Fox Features 1 11 Essay Proposal Applying behavioral sciences in the service Identity traps: of four major economic problems How to think about race & policing Jason Furman Phillip Atiba Goff 25 41 Review Finding Using identity-based motivation to improve Default clinic appointments promote the nation’s health without breaking the bank influenza vaccination uptake without a Neil A. Lewis, Jr., & Daphna Oyserman displacement effect Gretchen B. Chapman, Meng Li, Howard 53 Leventhal, & Elaine A. Leventhal Report Nudging by government: Progress, impact, & lessons learned David Halpern & Michael Sanders The White House Social and Behavioral Sciences Team Papers 67 79 Report Report Using organizational science research to Combating biased decisionmaking & address U.S. federal agencies’ management & promoting justice & equal treatment labor needs Sunita Sah, David Tannenbaum, Hayley Cleary, Herman Aguinis, Gerald F. Davis, James R. Yuval Feldman, Jack Glaser, Amy Lerman, Detert, Mary Ann Glynn, Susan E. Jackson, Robert MacCoun, Edward Maguire, Paul Slovic, Tom Kochan, Ellen Ernst Kossek, Carrie Leana, Barbara Spellman, Cassia Spohn & Christopher Thomas W. Lee, Elizabeth Morrison, Jone Winship Pearce, Jeffrey Pfeffer, Denise Rousseau & Kathleen M. Sutcliffe 88 Editorial policy editors’ note elcome to Volume 2, Issue 2 of Michael Sanders and David Halpern report on Behavioral Science & Policy (BSP). the UK’s Behavioural Insights Team’s extensive WThis is this first of two issues that will experience conducting policy field experiments showcase behavioral insights at the federal level. and helping to build behavioral science networks around the world. They offer guidelines for other We begin with the first two papers from Behavioral behavioral policy units, some of which may Science & Policy Association’s (BSPA) working seem natural (for example, do small pre-tests groups whose mission was to identify promising and observational studies before launching large- new applications of behavioral insights for federal scale field experiments) and several of which are policymakers. These groups were organized to less obvious (for example, start by running multi- inform the work of the White House Social and variable trials to find an effect before running Behavioral Science Team. In addition, this issue targeted studies to isolate what causes the contains articles on applying behavioral insights effects). The authors conclude by characterizing to macroeconomic policy and it takes stock the growth and impact of behavioral science- of lessons learned by the British Behavioural based policy initiatives around the world. Insights Team from their experience conducting policy experiments. Other papers in this issue In this issue we are also pleased to offer the first two address a wide range of policy issues from voting reports to emerge from an initiative of the BSPA in to policing to health. support of the White House Social and Behavioral Science Team. We commissioned working groups With his perspective as Chairman of the US to examine promising opportunities for the social Council of Economic Advisers, Jason Furman and behavioral sciences to inform new policies observes that the impact of behavioral science and policy experiments that can help the federal on public policy has been limited by the government serve the public interest in various traditional approach of starting with behavioral policy areas. tools and looking