R USERS, SAFETY, SECURITY AND ENERGY IN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE H2020-MG- 8.2b-2014 (Next generation transport infrastructure: resource efficient, smarter and safer) H2020 Coordination and Support Action Grant agreement number: 653670 Users, Safety, security and Energy In Transport Infrastructure USE-iT Start date: 1 May 2015 Duration: 24 months Deliverable D4.1 Report on energy efficiency and carbon intensity based on investigation across modes and domains Main Editor(s) James Peeling (TRL), Sarah Reeves (TRL), Martin Lamb (TRL) Due Date 1st January 2016 Delivery Date 4th July 2017 Task number Task 4.1 Preliminary investigations across modes and domains Dissemination level PU This project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no 653670 Project Coordinator Dr. Thierry Goger, FEHRL, Blvd de la Woluwe, 42/b3, 1200 Brussels, Belgium. Tel: +32 2 775 82 34, Fax: +32 2 775 8245. E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.useitandfoxprojects.eu USE-iT Deliverable D4.1: Report on energy efficiency and carbon intensity based on investigations across modes and domains Contributor(s) Main Contributor(s) James Peeling, TRL, UK +44 (0)1344770168, [email protected] Sarah Reeves, TRL, UK +44 (0)1344 770562, [email protected] Contributor(s) Elisabete Arsenio, LNEC, Portugal (alphabetical order) Nataliia Bidnenko, DNDI, Ukraine Dominic Leal, TRL, UK Peter Saleh, AIT, Austria Libor Spicka, CDV, Czech Republic Henrietta Wallen Warner, VTI, Sweden Ewa Zofka, IBDiM, Poland Review Reviewer(s) 1. Martin Lamb, TRL, UK 2. Matt Wayman, TRL. UK Date: 04/07/2017, Version: v2.0 2 (56) USE-iT Deliverable D4.1: Report on energy efficiency and carbon intensity based on investigations across modes and domains Control Sheet Version History Version Date Editor Summary of Modifications v0.1 2015/08/25 Sarah Reeves, TRL Outline structure and scope of report James Peeling, TRL v0.2 2015/11/16 Restructured and drafted content of report Sarah Reeves, TRL Complete first draft incorporating Martin Lamb’s v0.3 2015/11/30 James Peeling, TRL comments Final version for submission to EC, taking into account V1.0 2015/12/14 Sarah Reeves, TRL consortium partner and Matt Wayman’s comments Sarah Reeves, TRL Final version submitted to EC/INEA with changes after V2.0 2017/07/04 Adewole Adesiyun, FEHRL the final review meeting Miglė Paliukaitė, FEHRL Final Version released by Circulated to Name Date Recipient Date Sarah Reeves, TRL Adewole Adesiyun, FEHRL 2017/07/04 Coordinator 2017/07/04 Miglė Paliukaitė, FEHRL European Commission 2017/07/04 Disclaimer This deliverable report reflects only the authors view. The Agency is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Date: 04/07/2017, Version: v2.0 3 (56) USE-iT Deliverable D4.1: Report on energy efficiency and carbon intensity based on investigations across modes and domains Table of Contents 1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................................9 1.1 Project objectives ..................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Scope ........................................................................................................................................ 10 2 WP4 goals and objectives ..................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 11 2.1.1 Direct greenhouse gas emissions ..................................................................................... 11 2.1.2 Operational and embedded carbon ................................................................................. 13 2.1.3 Life-cycle assessment ........................................................................................................ 13 2.1.4 Reducing emissions ........................................................................................................... 14 2.1.5 Benefits of reducing carbon .............................................................................................. 16 2.2 WP4 objectives ......................................................................................................................... 16 3 Preliminary investigation across modes and domains ............................................................ 17 3.1 High level state of the art review of existing technologies in carbon and energy reduction .. 17 3.1.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.2 Overview of findings ......................................................................................................... 18 3.2 Areas and concepts .................................................................................................................. 19 3.2.1 Powering transport ........................................................................................................... 19 3.2.2 Constructing and maintaining infrastructure and vehicles .............................................. 27 3.2.3 Operating and managing transport systems .................................................................... 35 4 Conclusions and next steps ................................................................................................... 44 4.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................... 44 4.2 Next steps ................................................................................................................................. 44 Date: 04/07/2017, Version: v2.0 4 (56) USE-iT Deliverable D4.1: Report on energy efficiency and carbon intensity based on investigations across modes and domains Abbreviations Abbreviation Meaning A-S-I Avoid, shift, improve CO2 Carbon dioxide EC European Commission EMU Electric multiple units EU European Union FORx4 Forever open road, rail, river and runway GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gas HGV Heavy good vehicle ICE Internal combustion engine IPCC Intergovernmental panel on climate change KPI Key performance indicators LCA Life cycle assessment LCC Life cycle cost LED Light emitting diode SSE Shore side electricity WIM Weigh-in-motion WP Work package Date: 04/07/2017, Version: v2.0 5 (56) USE-iT Deliverable D4.1: Report on energy efficiency and carbon intensity based on investigations across modes and domains Definitions Term Definition A change in the state of the climate that can be identified (e.g., by using statistical tests) by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its properties Climate change and that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer. Climate change may be due to natural internal processes or external forcings, or to persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. (IPCC Glossary of Terms [1]) Genset A railway locomotive that uses multiple small generators for traction enabling scalable power, e.g. several diesel engines or a diesel and electric engine. Greenhouse gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, which absorb and emit radiation at specific Greenhouse gas wavelengths within the spectrum of thermal infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, by the atmosphere itself, and by clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect. (From IPCC Glossary of Terms [1]). List of Figures Figure 1. FORx4 programme [3] .............................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2. EU GHG emissions from transport by sector from 2012 data [4] .......................................... 12 Figure 3. EU GHG emissions from transport by mode from 2012 data [4] ........................................... 12 Figure 4. A-S-I approach developed as part of the Bridging the Gap initiative [15] ............................. 15 Figure 5. WP4 technologies by concept ................................................................................................ 18 Figure 6. Technologies by domain and mode ....................................................................................... 19 List of Tables Table 1. Descriptions of the domains [3] .............................................................................................. 10 Table 2. Example LCA results [10] and [11] ........................................................................................... 14 Table 3. Literature review key words .................................................................................................... 17 Table 4. WP4 areas and concepts ......................................................................................................... 18 Table 5. Technologies and approaches for improving fuel efficiency ................................................... 20 Table 6. Technologies and approaches for use of alternative fuels ...................................................... 22 Table 7. Technologies and approaches for energy harvesting .............................................................. 25 Table 8. Technologies and approaches for low carbon materials and design ...................................... 28 Table 9. Technologies and