Chapter 2 Indian Perspective: Energy, Economics and Electricity “The strongest of the species that survives, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change” -Charles Darwin Chapter 2 Indian Perspective: Energy, Economics and Electricity The chapter brings out the present and future analysis on Indian population, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and per capita energy / electricity requirements. This chapter also discusses about the Indian nuclear energy programme and important milestones achieved. Details of present and proposed /planned nuclear plants including fuel waste management are also covered. National energy policy, important rules, acts, international treaties and conventions are also listed in this chapter. These form guidelines for the establishment of nuclear power plant. Environmental aspects related to nuclear energy are also coved in details. National perspective for energy, economics and electricity has been drawn mainly by available data analysis. 28 Chapter 2 Indian Perspective: Energy, Economics and Electricity 2.1 General Overview India is vast country with diverse topographies and culture. It’s social fabric and heritage has been synthesized over decades that amalgamated to be born as a nation in 1947. With 3,214 Km from North to South and 2,993 Km from West to East, it encompasses 32, 87,263 Sq Km of area in South East Asia. The country is bounded by Himalayas in the north east, Arabian Sea in the west and Bay of Bengal towards the east. India is divided in seven general physiographic zones, namely, Northern Mountains, Indo Gangetic Plains, Central Highlands, Peninsular Plateau, East Coast, West Coast Bordering Seas and Islands. Major portion of the land mainly comprises of plateau. South-west monsoon during June to September, and north east monsoon during October to December are the main seasons for rainfall. Due to diverse physiographic regions and vast area, the annual pattern of rainfall is quiet uneven and uncertain. The tropic of cancer runs through the middle part of India. There are three seasons: Winter (October-January), Summer (February-May) and Monsoon (June- September). Post independence, India became Republic State on 26 January 1950. When India was born on political map of the world, it was a country with un- exploited potential natural resources. With a marginal population of 318.7 millions at the time of independence India transformed through an era with the blend of conflicts, research, development and inventions. Post independence India realized the need to develop the society, it was then imperative that basic needs like energy, education, water, roads would require an immediate attention. For this, the efforts began to formulate the strategy through, planning commissions, five year development plans etc. As per the details of the population shown in Table 2.1, 17.64 % growth is recorded between year 2001 and 2011. Per capita energy requirement of increased population invariably adds to total energy requirements (excluding industry requirements).Also, India constitutes significantly towards the worldwide energy demand commiserating to 17.5% of world population (Figure 2.1). 29 Chapter 2 Indian Perspective: Energy, Economics and Electricity 2.2 Population index and GDP Table 2.1 India’s population as per year 2011 census Rank State or union territory Population % of % Rural Pop Urban Pop. Sex (2011 Census) Population Growth ratio 2001–11 01 Uttar Pradesh 199,581,477 16.49% 20.1% 155,111,022 44,470,455 908 02 Maharashtra 112,372,972 9.28% 16.0% 61,545,441 50,827,531 946 03 Bihar 103,804,637 8.58% 25.1% 92,075,028 11,729,609 916 04 West Bengal 91,347,736 7.55% 13.9% 62,213,676 29,134,060 947 05 Andhra Pradesh 84,665,533 7.00% 11.1% 56,311,788 28,353,745 992 06 Madhya Pradesh 72,597,565 6.00% 20.3% 52,537,899 20,059,666 930 07 Tamil Nadu 72,138,958 5.96% 15.6% 37,189,229 34,949,729 995 08 Rajasthan 68,621,012 5.67% 21.4% 51,540,236 17,080,776 926 09 Karnataka 61,130,704 5.05% 15.7% 37,552,529 23,578,175 968 10 Gujarat 60,383,628 5% 19.2% 34,670,817 25,712,811 918 11 Orissa 41,947,358 3.47% 14.0% 34,951,234 6,996,124 978 12 Kerala 33,387,677 2.76% 4.9% 17,445,506 15,932,171 1084 13 Jharkhand 32,966,238 2.72% 22.3% 25,036,946 7,929,292 947 14 Assam 31,169,272 2.58% 16.9% 26,780,526 4,388,756 954 15 Punjab 27,704,236 2.30% 13.7% 17,316,800 10,387,436 893 16 Haryana 25,753,081 2.09% 19.9% 16,531,493 8,821,588 877 17 Chhattisgarh 25,540,196 2.11% 22.6% 19,603,658 5,936,538 991 18 Jammu and Kashmir 12,548,926 1.04% 23.7% 9,134,820 3,414,106 883 19 Uttarakhand 10,116,752 0.84% 19.2% 7,025,583 3,091,169 963 20 Himachal Pradesh 6,856,509 0.57% 12.8% 6,167,805 688,704 974 21 Tripura 3,671,032 0.30% 14.7% 2,710,051 960,981 961 22 Meghalaya 2,964,007 0.24% 27.8% 2,368,971 595,036 986 23 Manipur 2,721,756 0.22% 18.7% 1,899,624 822,132 987 24 Nagaland 1,980,602 0.16% -0.5% 1,406,861 573,741 931 25 Goa 1,457,723 0.12% 8.2% 551,414 906,309 968 26 Arunachal Pradesh 1,382,611 0.11% 25.9% 1,069,165 313,446 920 27 Mizoram 1,091,014 0.09% 22.8% 529,037 561,997 975 28 Sikkim 607,688 0.05% 12.4% 455,962 151,726 889 NCT Delhi 16,753,235 1.38% 21% 419,319 16,333,916 866 UT1 Po ndicherry 1,244,464 0.10% 27.7% 394,341 850,123 1,038 UT2 Chandigarh 1,054,686 0.09% 17.1% 29,004 1,025,682 818 UT3 Andaman & Nicobar 379,944 0.03% 6.7% 244,411 135,533 878 UT4 Dadra and Nagar 342,853 0.03% 55.5% 183,024 159,829 775 Haveli UT5 Daman and Diu 242,911 0.02% 53.5% 60,331 182,580 618 UT6 Lakshadweep 64,429 0.01% 6.2% 14,121 50,308 946 Total India 1,210,193,422 100% 17.64% 833,087,662 377,105,760 940 Source: http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Population_Finder.aspx C h in a 2 1.9 2 . 7 2 . 4 2 . 3 1 9 .4 O th e r In d ia 2 0 .4 U S B ras il P akis tan Ban glaDe sh 1 7 .5 4 1 .2 N ige ria Russian Fe d Jap a n Figure 2.1 Percentage of population (World) Source: http://www.prb.org/Publications/Datasheets/2011/world-population-data-sheet 30 Chapter 2 Indian Perspective: Energy, Economics and Electricity Three states, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra have maximum population with considerable growth rate. The location and energy requirements of this section of population have important bearing on overall national energy demand. For example, to fulfill the electricity requirements of these areas, the power generating plants should be located in the vicinity. The issue of proximity of power plants is justified in Indian scenario for two reasons; firstly, too vast area for supply of electricity from single power station and secondly whopping 40% transmission losses. The location optimization of power generation industry (excluding renewable energy harnessing) in India requires a detailed perspective planning. Also, various factors like geographic, strategic, demographic, social impacts should also be considered. Decadal growth of Indian population is shown in Figure 2.2. Figure 2.2 Percentage decadal growth in India (2001 Census) Source: www.mapsofindia.com Figure 2.3 Per capita electricity consumption v/s per capita GDP (world) Sources: IMF, International Financial Statistics; International Energy Agency; World Bank,World Development Indicators; and IMF staff calculations . 31 Chapter 2 Indian Perspective: Energy, Economics and Electricity Figure 2.4 per capita energy consumption vs per capita GDP (OCED and Non OCED countries) Sources: IMF, International Financial Statistics; International Energy Agency; World Bank,World Development Indicators; and IMF staff calculations . Per capita electricity and /or energy consumption is directly proportional to per capita GDP. As shown in Figure 2.3 and 2.4, US has highest proportion followed by Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. China and India are at the bottom of the list. As per the projections, if GDP of India has to overtake China by year 2050, it requires a sound and uninterrupted policy implementation towards achievement of desired GDP and per capita energy consumption. The comparison of GDP with respect to electricity is given in Table 2.2 Table 2.2 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) vs Electricity Consumption (India) Per Capita Growth Rate 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 1990-2006 GDP (in Rupees) 402 428 443 506 610 655 774 12.57 Electricity 475 516 563 589 597 - - - (in KWh/y) Reference: http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/in 2.3 Supply of Electricity in India The history of power development in India began with the installation of a 130 kW hydro station at Darjeeling in 1899. This was followed by installation of a 100 kW steam generating unit in 1899 at Calcutta. Today the production and utilisation of energy have become one of the most important preconditions for socio- economic growth and welfare 32 Chapter 2 Indian Perspective: Energy, Economics and Electricity of the society.