Redhaired pine bark beetle Responses of Redhaired Pine Bark Beetle (RPBB), Hylurgus ligniperda , and Associated Subcortical Coleoptera to Host Volatiles in Southern California Mary Louise Flint 1, Deguang Liu 1,2 Jana C. Lee 1,2 , Robert Beiriger 3 , Richard L. Penrose 4, Donald E Bright 5, Steven J. Seybold 2 1University of California Davis, Department of Entomology, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA, 95616 2USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, 720 Olive Drive, Suite D, Davis, CA, 95616 3University of Florida, IFAS-EREC, 3200 E. Palm Beach Rd., Belle Glade, FL 33430 USA Photo by A.G. Gutierrez and D.N. Thomas 4Pest Detection / Emergency Projects, California Department of Food & Agriculture, 1220 N Street, Rm A-330, Sacramento, CA 95814 5C.P. Gillette Museum of Arthropod Diversity, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA Photo by A.G. Gutierrez and D.N. Thomas The invader 2.5 c 4. Flight response of Hylastes 2 Photo by J.R. Research Questions Baker & S.B. Bambara tenuis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to Redhaired Pine Bark Beetle (RPBB) 1.5 b host semiochemicals Hylurgus ligniperda (F.) ( Coleoptera : • How would flying RPBB adults respond to host volatiles? Scolytidae ) • What seasonal flight pattern does RPBB have in Southern 1 Scolytidae ) a a Hylastes tenuis was attracted to α- California? The redhaired pine bark beetle (RPBB) 0.5 pinene, but not to ethanol. Ethanol • How diverse are subcortical insects associated with exotic was first found overwintering in North (+SE) /wk /trap No. Mean synergized the attraction of α-pinene. Mediterranean pines in Southern California? 0 America in New York in 2000. In July Unbaited (–)- α- Ethanol (–)- α- 2003, it was detected in Los Angeles • How would those subcortical insects respond to host volatiles? Pinene Pinene + Co., California. RPBB has since been Ethanol What was found? 5. Flight response of collected in flight traps in urban and 1. Flight response of RPBB to α-pinene and ethanol at three (–)- α-Pinene + Arhopalus syriacus more remote forest lands in Orange, c C Ethanol (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego sites in Los Angeles County, California a A Ethanol to host semiochemicals and Ventura Cos. (–)- α-Pinene + c C Both male and female A. Ethanol (–)- α-Pinene b B syriacus responded to α-pinene, a A Ethanol a A • ANOVA, P < Unbaited ♂ ♀ but not to ethanol. Ethanol Where is it from? 0.05, followed by Tukey test 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 synergized the attraction of α- Approximate native range of RPBB Native range Europe, Mediterranean, and Asia (–)- α-Pinene b B Mean No. /trap /wk (+SE) pinene to males and females. Also invaded Australia, Brazil, Chile, Japan, New a A Unbaited ♂ ♀ A Zealand, St. Helena Island, South (–)- α-Pinene + b B 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 Africa, Swaziland, Uruguay, U.S. ethanol 6. Flight responses of Mean No. / trap/ wk +SE b Amphicerus cornutus How RPBB entered the U.S. is unknown, but it likely Ethanol B α-Pinene was attractive to RPBB, and ethanol was not. Ethanol (Pallas) (A), Scobicia arrived with solid wood packing material associated with (–)- α-Pinene www.planiglobe.com and α-pinene worked synergistically to attract RPBB. No a A declivis (LeConte) (B), and imported goods. ♂ ♀ differences were found in the responses of males and females. Unbaited a A S. suturalis (Horn) (C) 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) What are the potential impacts? 2. Seasonal flight pattern of RPBB in Los Angeles County, B to host semiochemicals California from 2006 to 2007 (–)- α-Pinene + b B RPBB is generally a secondary pest attacking the lower ethanol A 120 stem and roots of dead or stressed pines, but has been b 100 Ethanol B B reported to kill healthy trees and seedlings. A major 80 concern is that RPBB could vector black-stain root (–)- α-Pinene a A 60 Photos / sbnature.org disease, Leptographium wageneri , a virulent native ♂ ♀ C 40 Unbaited a A pathogen that currently threatens western pines though a Photos: A, Am. cornutus ; B, S. declivis ; 20 native bark beetle vector system. 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 C, S. suturalis % Maximum response Maximum % 0 C (–)- α-Pinene + Left: Adult maturation feeding on a pine seedling; Right: Adults under bark/photo W.M. Ciesla b B 7-Jul ethanol 1-Jun 8-Jun 2-Oct 5-Apr All three bostrichids showed 5-Mar 28-Jul 4-May 20-Apr 27-Apr 15-Jun 23-Jun 17-Oct 27-Oct 17-Jan 30-Jan 16-Apr 21-Nov 14-Mar 20-Mar 25-Aug 13-Dec 28-Dec 19-Feb 11-May 18-May 25-May significant responses to bark Date Ethanol c C What is its biology? ethanol. The addition of α- The pioneer sex (female) is attracted to volatiles from pine phloem ♀♀♀ Seasonal flight activity fluctuated from April (2006) to April (–)- α-Pinene a A pinene tended to decrease hosts, and bores through the bark, constructs a “nuptial (2007), peak activity was observed in the spring (March to early ♂ ♀ the attraction of ethanol for Unbaited a A chamber” in the phloem, and may emit an aggregation xylem RPBB female -initiated May) and summer (late July). Activity was low from August to all the three species, but only pheromone. January, and increased from mid-February. 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 S. suturalis Mean No. /trap /wk (+SE) significantly for . One RPBB female mates with one male. The female lays ♀ up to 500 eggs in a long gallery, often laying eggs in a few ♀♀ ♂♂♂ 3. Flight response of Xyleborinus saxeseni (Coleoptera: Research Summary batches. Scolytidae) to host semiochemicals 90 The flight of RPBB occurred year round with major peaks in the spring b How was the study conducted? 80 (March to early May) and summer (late July). A wide range of other Xyleborinus saxeseni 70 subcortical Coleoptera were trapped in the experiment including 22 • Host volatiles attached to 12-unit Photo by S. Hinkley & K. Walker was attracted to ethanol, 60 b species of Scolytidae, 6 species of Bostrichidae, 3 species of Colydiidae, Lindgren funnel traps in 150 ml pouches 50 (ethanol) or 5X 15 ml poly bottles (95%- but not to α-pinene. The 40 and 5 species of Cerambycidae. Ethanol and/or (–)-ααα-pinene elicited addition of α-pinene did 30 significant flight responses from RPBB, X. saxeseni , H. tenuis , A. (–)-α-pinene) purchased from Pherotech • Attractive baits drew in hundreds not significantly effect 20 syriacus, Am. cornutus , S. declivis , and S. suturalis . The combination of Inc., Delta, B.C., Canada. (+SE) /wk /trap No. Mean a of beetles. 10 a ethanol and (–)-ααα-pinene can be used in early detection for RPBB and • Four blocks established; trap cups the response to ethanol 0 • Data analyzed by using repeated positioned about 20 cm above ground; traps Unbaited (–)- α- Ethanol (–)- α- other invasive species. measures ANOVA, P < 0.05; means Pinene Pinene + Acknowledgements: Funding was provided by the USDA Forest Service Pacific Southwest Research Station, the USDA Forest Service Forest Health completely randomized within a block; and Ethanol Protection and by the UC IPM Exotic/Invasive Pests and Diseases program (grant # 05XU039). We acknowledge Zachary Heath (USDA FS FHP) for compared with Tukey test. making the distribution map. We thank grounds managers at Frank G. Bonelli Regional Park (R. Guiney), Mountain Meadows Golf Course (C. re-randomized with each collection. Hackman), Canyon Crest Golf Course (R. MacBeth), and Descanso Gardens (R. Sease). .