HISTORIC ARCHITECTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF HALIFAX COUNTY, VIRGINIA Prepared by: MAAR Associates, Inc. Hill Studio, P.C. P.O. Box 655 120 West Campbell Avenue Newark, DE 19715 Roanoke, Virginia 540-342-5263 May 2004 July 2008 With contributions by: Ronald A. Thomas, M.A., Project Manager, Principal Investigator and Kim Chen Prepared for: Virginia Department Halifax County of Historic Resources 134 South Main Street 2801 Kensington Avenue Halifax, Virginia Richmond, Virginia 23221 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... ii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Purpose and Survey Goals .................................................................................. 1 1.2 Survey Coverage and Study Area ................................................................................... 1 1.3 Survey Methodology ....................................................................................................... 5 1.3.1 Background Research ............................................................................................. 5 1.3.2 On-Site Survey ........................................................................................................ 5 2 Historic Overview and Contexts for Halifax County ............................................................. 8 2.1 Civil History.................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Parish Divisions .............................................................................................................. 9 2.3 Historic Contexts ............................................................................................................ 9 2.3.1 Historic Themes .................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2 Historic Contexts and the Halifax County Architectural Survey.......................... 10 2.4 Contact Period – Native American (1607-1715) .......................................................... 11 2.5 Settlement to Society – European (1607-1750) ............................................................ 15 2.6 Colony to Nation (1750-1789) ...................................................................................... 19 2.7 Early National Period (1789-1830) ............................................................................... 30 2.8 Antebellum Period (1830-1860) ................................................................................... 32 2.9 Civil War (1861-1865) .................................................................................................. 40 2.10 Reconstruction and Growth (1865-1917) ..................................................................... 41 2.11 World War I and World War II..................................................................................... 47 2.12 The New Dominion (1945 – Present) ........................................................................... 52 3 Representative Building Types in Halifax County ............................................................... 55 3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 55 3.2 Domestic/Residential Buildings.................................................................................... 55 3.3 Government/Law/Political ............................................................................................ 72 3.4 Education ...................................................................................................................... 75 3.5 Subsistence/Agriculture ................................................................................................ 81 3.6 Religion ......................................................................................................................... 86 3.7 Social............................................................................................................................. 93 3.8 Industry/Processing/Extraction ..................................................................................... 95 3.9 Recreation/Arts ............................................................................................................. 98 3.10 Military/Defense ......................................................................................................... 100 3.11 Commerce/Trade......................................................................................................... 100 3.12 Transportation/Communication .................................................................................. 107 3.13 Health Care/Medicine ................................................................................................. 110 4 Summary and Analysis ....................................................................................................... 112 4.1 Survey Background ..................................................................................................... 112 4.2 National Register of Historic Places Criteria .............................................................. 113 4.3 Previously Identified Resources ................................................................................. 116 4.4 Survey Findings .......................................................................................................... 116 4.5 VDHR Architectural Styles ........................................................................................ 117 4.6 Periods of Construction............................................................................................... 118 4.7 Recommendations for Proposed National Register Properties ................................... 119 4.7.1 Scottsburg Historic District (297-5000).............................................................. 119 4.7.2 Properties Surveyed at the Intensive Level ......................................................... 120 4.8 Preservation Planning Recommendations for Halifax County ................................... 124 4.8.1 Land Use Issues .................................................................................................. 124 4.8.2 Historic Preservation Plan or Element ................................................................ 125 4.8.3 Financial Incentives for Historic Preservation .................................................... 125 4.8.4 Certified Local Government and Historic Preservation Ordinance .................... 125 4.8.5 Local History Center and Historic Study Topics ................................................ 126 4.8.6 Geographic Information System (GIS) ............................................................... 126 4.8.7 Archaeological Data Base ................................................................................... 126 4.8.8 Recommendations for Future Survey Efforts ..................................................... 127 5 References Cited ................................................................................................................. 133 Appendix A: Halifax County Historic Building Survey, by Site Number ................................ 141 Appendix B: Halifax County Historic Building Survey, by Resource Name ............................ 149 Appendix C: Halifax County Historic Building Survey, by Address ........................................ 157 Appendix D: Scottsburg Preliminary Information Form (PIF).................................................. 166 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Halifax County Location Map 3 Figure 1.2: Halifax County Study Area 4 Figure 2.1: John Smith's Map of Virginia, ca. 1607 12 Figure 2.2: Location of Indian Tribes in the Southeast at Different Periods 13 Figure 2.3: Lunenburg County, 1728 17 Figure 2.4: Halifax County, 1825, corrected 1859 21 Figure 2.5: Stone Piers of King's Bridge 23 Figure 2.6: The Cove (041-5086) 25 Figure 2.7: Carter’s Tavern (041-0008) 28 Figure 2.8: Dejarnette Tavern, western side elevation (041-0067) 28 Figure 2.9: Carter-Wooding House (041-5178) 29 Figure 2.10: The Elmo Store/Melrose Academy (041-0015) 32 Figure 2.11: Halifax County Courthouse (230-0077) 34 Figure 2.12: Berry Hill (041-0004) 35 Figure 2.13: Brooklyn Tobacco Factory (041-0259) 36 Figure 2.14: James Traver Covered Toll Bridge across the Dan River at South Boston 38 Figure 2.15: Halifax County, 1864 39 Figure 2.16: South Boston Historic District 44 Figure 2.17: Tenant House and Tobacco Barn, Sandy Level Farm 49 Figure 2.18: Clover Elementary School (197-5003) 51 Figure 2.19: Brandon Chapel School (041-5301) 51 Figure 2.20: Halifax County War Memorial 54 Figure 3.1: Tucker House (041-5181) 58 Figure 3.2: Carter-Wooding House (041-5178) 59 Figure 3.3: Jacob Faulkner slave quarters (041-5293) 60 Figure 3.4: William Terry Kitchen Dependency (041-0054) 61 Figure 3.5: Mulhauser Log House (041-5294) 62 Figure 3.6: Creekside (041-0009) 64 Figure 3.7: House, 8243 Mt. Laurel Road (041-5216) 65 Figure 3.8: Sam Younger House (041-5307) 67 Figure 3.9: House, 3069 Scottsburg Road (297-5008) 68 Figure 3.10: Osborne House (041-0088) 69 Figure 3.11: Neoclassical House on Melon Road (041-5220)