Name: AP World History Chapter 36 Study Packet New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War Table of Contents 2.......Overview 3.......Introduction 4.......A.P. Key Concepts 5........Geography Labeling 6...... Study Questions - Origins of World War II 8...... Study Questions- Total War: The World Under Fire 10.... Study Questions- Life During Wartime 11.... Study Questions- The Cold War 1 | Chapter 36 Study Packet Chapter 36 Study Packet New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War Overview Overview The Second World War (1939-1945) was indeed a conflagration such as the world had never seen before. There was no precedent for the scale of the devastation, the millions of dead, the unimaginable barbarity. World War II was the defining event of the twentieth century. It determined the global powers, the global alignments, and many of the issues for the next generation. Two superpowers emerged from the ashes, the United States and the Soviet Union. Former allies, the two were now actively hostile, but they repeatedly stopped short of a full-out war. The prospect of a nuclear confrontation was too awful to contemplate. Aspects of the war to consider as you read include the following: • Appeasement. The causes of the war were complex but include the failure of western democracies to take seriously the threat of fascism. When Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, when Italy seized Ethiopia in 1935, when Germany claimed first the Sudetenland and then all of Czechoslovakia in 1938: at every turn, world leaders decided to appease the aggressor rather than risk a war. • Isolationism. Sunk in the depression, Britain, France, and the United States erected walls of tariffs against imports, which only deepened the global depression. Disillusioned with the outcome of World War I, the western democracies did not maintain their military strength. When the next war came, they were ill prepared. • Total war. Like the first World War, the second involved whole populations on an unprecedented scale. Women on both sides performed industrial work and joined auxiliary forces. Civilians were targets of war through aerial attacks, blockades, rape, and internment. Civilian casualties were in the tens of millions. • Genocide. Certainly the most horrifying aspect of the war was the Nazi attempt to methodically exterminate the entire Jewish population of Europe, along with other “undesirable” populations. Nearly six million Jews were killed in the death camps. • An uneasy alliance. Capitalist and communist states found common cause in the battle against fascism. By keeping up the pressure on two fronts, the Allies eventually crushed the Axis empire. However, by the end of the war, the alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union was frayed and unstable. • The arms race. The logic of the cold war drove both superpowers to stockpile nuclear weapons in order to match one another's destructive capabilities. The two powers were evenly matched in the 1960s, but by the 1980s the effort had severely strained the Soviet economy. • Bipolar alliances. The cold war saw new defensive alliances, NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact of the Soviet satellites. The world was divided into two camps. • Aggressive saber-rattling. Although the superpowers avoided direct and full-scale war, a number of minor conflicts sapped their energies and resources: Berlin, Korea, Hungary, Cuba, and Czechoslovakia. 2 | Chapter 36 Study Packet Chapter 36 Study Packet New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War Introduction In 1931, the Japanese invaded Manchuria and then in 1937 launched a full‐scale invasion of China. These acts were the start of World War II. The Japanese invasion of China was marked by large‐scale attacks on civilians, including the bombing of Shanghai and the “Rape of Nanjing.” There was resistance from both the Nationalists and communists who formed a “united front” against the Japanese, but the two could not work together and Japan succeeded in gaining control. In Europe, both Italy and Germany moved closer to war with the rest of Europe. Italy, while on the side of the Allies during World War I, had felt slighted at the Paris Peace Conference. Italy had suffered large losses in World War I and the economy was in ruins. Mussolini promised Italians a return of national glory and an empire. To acquire this empire, Mussolini annexed Libya and then invaded Ethiopia. Germany resented the Treaty of Versailles because of the harsh conditions imposed on the nation. Hitler came to power, in part, because of his objections to the treaty. He blamed Jews and liberals for Germany’s defeat as well as the acceptance of the Treaty. Once in power, he ignored the Treaty, rebuilt the military, took back the Rhineland, annexed Austria (with the approval of many Austrians), took back the Sudetenland, and in 1939 seized Czechoslovakia. At every step, Britain and France failed to stop him because they did not want another war. In 1939, Germany invaded Poland and started World War II in Europe. Hitler seized most of Western Europe, almost conquered Britain and, in what was a major error, invaded Russia in 1941. In Asia and the Pacific, Japan continued to expand and in 1941 attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor. 1941 brings both the United States and Russia into the war against the Axis powers. The Russians defeated the Germans when they invaded and pushed them back into Eastern Europe while the Americans and British pushed the Germans out of North Africa and then invaded Italy. The United States and Britain then invaded Western Europe at Normandy in 1944 and forced the Germans back into Germany. Defeated on both fronts, Hitler committed suicide. Germany surrendered soon afterward. In the Pacific, the Japanese were defeated by the Allied forces on islands throughout the Pacific. The Japanese islands themselves were bombed continuously. Finally, in August of 1945, two atom bombs were dropped on Japanese cities and the emperor surrendered. World War II had several major impacts on society. The Holocaust, spurred on by the German idea of racial superiority, resulted in the murder of millions of people considered to be inferior including Jews, Gypsies, the handicapped, the mentally ill, political enemies, and religious leaders. Women were also impacted. They joined the workforce as they had in World War I, but they were also in uniform and members of resistance groups. With the end of the war there seemed to be the possibility of a united world. The alliance between Russia and the west and formation of the United Nations seemed to strengthen that hope. But the divisions in thinking between the United States and the Soviet Union were too great and resulted in the “Cold War.” One of the “hot” spots in the “cold” war was the conflict between North and South Korea. This soon involved China and the Soviet Union on the side of the North, and the South. United States and the United Nations on the side of the 3 | Chapter 36 Study Packet Chapter 36 Study Packet New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War A.P. Key Concepts Key Concept 6.1 Science and the Environment III. Disease, scientific innovations and conflict led to demographic shifts Key Concept 6.2 Global Conflicts and Their Consequences IV. Military conflicts occurred on an unprecedented global scale. V. Although conflict dominated much of the 20th century, many individuals and groups including states opposed this trend. Some individuals and groups, however, intensified the conflicts. Key Concept 6.3 New Conceptualizations of Global Economy, Society and Culture I. States, communities and individuals became increasingly interdependent, a process facilitated by the growth of institutions of global governance. 4 | Chapter 36 Study Packet Chapter 36 Geography Label the following on the map above Manchuria China Japan Beijing Nanjing Ethiopia Italy Spain Libya Albania Sudetenland Czechoslovakia Poland Germany U.S.S.R. Stalingrad Petrograd Moscow Caucasus region Dutch East Indies (Indonesia) French Indochina Nagasaki Dresden Berlin Iwo Jima Okinawa Tokyo Hiroshima 5 | Chapter 36 Study Packet Origins of World War II (Read Pages 1-7) 1. Who were the Axis Powers and why are they referred to as the revisionist powers? 2. Who were the Allied powers and how did they deal with the Axis powers in the 1930s? Japan's War in China 3. What did Japan do in Manchuria that led to condemnation from the League of Nations? 4. What was the Rape of Nanjing and how was it a prelude of the horrors to come? 5. Where and how did the Japanese invasion of China begin? 6. What was the Tripartite Pact and how did help Japan? 6 | Chapter 36 Study Packet Italian and German Aggression 7. What were the results of Italy's invasion of Ethiopia? 8. What was the Anschluss and how did it enhance Hitler's reputation? 9. How was the appeasement policy used during the Munich Conference? What were the results? 10. What was the Treaty of Non-aggression and how did it benefit both Germany and the USSR? 7 | Chapter 36 Study Packet Total War: The World Under Fire (Read pages 7-16) Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe 1. Why did Germany's blitzkrieg warfare defeat Poland? 2. What role did U-boats play in World War II? 3. What was the Luftwaffe and what role did it play in the Battle of Britain? The German Invasion of the Soviet Union 4. What is Lebensraum and what resulted from Hitler's desire to attain it? 5. Explain Operation Barbarossa and its early successes. 6. How was Stalin able to counter the German advance into the Soviet Union? Battles in Asia and the Pacific 7. How did the Lend-Lease program benefit both Great Britain and the U.S.? 8 | Chapter 36 Study Packet 8.