Munich Personal RePEc Archive The Aetolians, the Europeans and the Pakistanis: Lessons for modern federations Economou, Emmanouel/Marios/Lazaros and Kyriazis, Nicholas University of Thessaly, Department of Economics 10 March 2015 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/62974/ MPRA Paper No. 62974, posted 18 Mar 2015 12:40 UTC The Aetolians, the Europeans and the Pakistanis: Lessons for modern federations* Dr. Emmanouil Marios L. Economou (corresponding author) Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, Korai 43 Street, PC: 383 33 Volos Thessaly, Greece. E-mail: [email protected]. Prof. Dr. Nicholas K. Kyriazis Department of Economics, University of Thessaly, Korai 43 Street, PC: 383 33 Volos Thessaly, Greece. Abstract In the present essay we begin with a short presentation of the Aetolian proto- federation, an ancient Greek federation and then, through an interactive approach we compare its structure and institutions with those of the European Union (EU), a would-be federation and Pakistan, an established federal state in central Asia since 1948. To achieve this, we make use of a specific set of criteria such as the democratic legitimization (or not) of their main federal bodies, the existence or not of common defense and security policy, common currency, incentives to participate in the federal structure such as single citizenship (Greek: isopoliteia,) and federal justice. Our results indicate that the Aetolian federation had practiced a series of institutional settlements, such as both direct and representative democracy, cohesion policies such * A first version of this essay was presented at the 53rd ERSA Congress, Regional Integration: Europe, the Mediterranean and the World Economy, 27-31 August 2013 in Palermo, Italy and at the Conference organised by the Faculty of Economics, University of Thessaly and Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Volos, 29 April, 2014. 1 as flexible federal taxation policies and basic economic freedoms and thus, it can serve as a benchmark for further EU integration. Keywords: Federations, institutional organisation, federal criteria, Aetolian Federation, EU, Pakistan JEL Codes: H56 • N43 • R11 • Z18 1. Introduction Federalism tends to be understood as a phenomenon of the modern world, since federal states seem to be able to address better complex issues such as economic advantages arising out of monetary, economic and in some cases, fiscal unions, while preserving the cultural identity of population groups and bringing decision making on some issues closer to the citizens’ concerns. Currently, more than 25 states globally have a federal type of political structure, among them states with great geographic and population magnitude such as the US, Canada, Russia, India, Pakistan, Germany, Switzerland, Argentina, Australia etc. It is widely recognised that federations have their origins in Greek antiquity (Mackil, 2013, p. 1; Economou, Kyriazis and Metaxas, 2014). What we will show at first, is that ancient Greek “proto-federations” were the first political entities that exercised the federal organization. Approximately 18 cases of ancient Greek federations are attested (Larsen, 1968; Mackil, 2013) of which the Boeotian, the Aetolian and the Achaean were the most well-known examples and (probably) the most advanced and well-organised. In this essay, we choose to analyse the Aetolian federation, where safer results, based on ancient sources (see Polybius, Histories and Livy, History of Rome) and modern literature can be traced. What is new in our essay, is the comparative presentation of the Aetolian proto-federation with two modern cases, the European Union, and Pakistan and the evaluation we propose using a specific set of criteria: the existence or not of a democratic legitimization of the main federal bodies, common defence and security policy, common coinage, incentives to participate in the federal structures, such as single citizenship (Greek: isopoliteia, meaning the transfer of the political rights, of a citizen of a state, when he moves to another within the federation), civic and property rights (Greek: enkteseis) or the level of the federal budget as a mechanism of 2 implementing social welfare policies to the federal constituents. We consider such an analysis not as an anachronism, since we don’t argue that a federation that dates back in antiquity can be comparable with a modern state of today in all of its structures and ways of organization. What we wish to achieve through this analysis, through a subtractive approach, is to contribute to the international scholarship by finding out what lessons (if any) for our modern societies can be traced by the analysis of the organization and institutions of the first ever recorded functional federal political entities that can be found in the Greek antiquity. Some could argue that even the two modern cases we compare here, the EU and Pakistan have many differences between each other. The EU is not even a federation yet. However, in this analysis we consider the EU as a federal entity “under construction” since it appears that after the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the former European Economic Community (EEC) evolved towards a “European Union”, otherwise, an entity which will be further integrated in political, economic and judicial issues towards the “United States of Europe” as a visionary, one of its founding fathers, Jean Monnet wished to be achieved in the long-term future. Thus, in this paper we see the EU as a “potential” federation. In our interactive analysis, we compare the Aetolian federation to the EU and Pakistan, under a very specific set of criteria, so that we can avoid any problems of either anachronism or problems that have to do with inefficiencies in comparison because of the different institutional structure of the three case studies.1 Our paper is organized as follows: in section 2 we offer a brief historical analysis of the Aetolian federation, in section 3 we proceed with an analysis concerning its political and economic organization. In section 4 we present a comparative analysis among the Aetolian federation, EU and Pakistan. Finally, in section 5 we offer our comments and suggestions. 2. The Aetolian federation’s history in brief The Aetolian federation was established during the first half of the 4th century, with its primary purpose being defense mainly against Macedon of Philip II who 1 We do acknowledge that such an analysis we perform here must be very cautious. The same does apply not only to any comparison between Pakistan and the EU, but in any other federal case comparison, such as India and the EU. 3 reigned during 359-336 BC (Larsen, 1952; Grainger, 1999). However, Mackil, (2013, p. 9) argues that the Aetolian federation existed as early as, the early 5th century BCE, since ancient sources (Polyb. 2.41.7-8; Thuc. Hist. 3.102.5) and an epigraphic evidence found in the ancient state of Sparta, being codified as T(48), mention a recorder alliance between the Federation of the Aetolians and the ancient city-state of Sparta. The Aetolian Federation expanded during the 3rd century to include more than 40 city-states in Central and Southern Greece, such as Corinth, an important trade center (Rahtjen, 1965; Larsen, 1972; Mackil, 2013).During the 3rd century BCE the Aetolian federation was one of the major military and geopolitical powers in ancient Greece competing with other major entities such as Thebes, Macedonia, the Aetolian Federation, Sparta, the Hellenistic kingdoms of Alexander the Great’s generals in Asia Minor and Rome which was gradually rising as a geopolitical power at that era. In 279 BCE the federation verified its influence and strength by repelling a strong Gaul invasion near Delphi, the famous ancient sanctuary.2 Finally, the Aetolians were engaged in the war between the Hellenistic kingdom of Seleucids under Antiochus the 3rd and the Romans. When Antiochus was defeated in mainland Greece in 192 BCE3, gradually the Aetolian federal state was subjugated and after the defeat of the neighbouring Achaean federation by the Romans, Aetolia finally became a roman province. 3. The main political and economic institutions of the Aetolian federation The two main political institutions of the federation were the popular federal Assembly of citizens, where every citizen from each city-state that comprised the federation could participate in each of the gatherings of citizens and had the right to vote on a variety of issues. At least two gatherings a year were taking place, one in the capital of the federation Thermos, which was the “centre” of the administration offices, the place where the assembly was taking place and the place which was used to host ritual festivals, as a sanctuary. This first pan-Aetolian gathering of all citizens throughout 2 It was an environment, strongly characterized by the harsh competition between those states struggling for power, what H. Morgenthau (1963, 1965) would have called a “power politics” environment. See among others, Fine (1940) and Grainger (1999). 3 See Bringmann, K. (2007). A history of the Roman republic. Cambridge: Polity Press. p. 91. 4 the federal state called Thermika, was held in autumn. The other main meeting of the assembly was taking place in one of the other cities-states of the federation. This second gathering, which was called Panetolika was taking place sometime during spring (Mitsos, 1947; Larsen, 1952; Mackil, 2013). The second main political body was the federation’s Council, where the issues to be discussed in the Assembly were settled (by the Councilors). Members of the federal Council were elected in their city-states by their compatriots by local city-state assemblies (see Livy Hist. 35. 34. 2-4; 36. 28. 8.). This means that, their election and the formation of the Council was taking place through an indirect democracy procedure. Concerning the government of the federation, the highest official from this government group was called strategos, literally meaning the general, who was both the supreme military commander, who combined also the office of “head of state”, to use a modern terminology.