Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Anthropology Theses Department of Anthropology Spring 5-9-2015 Extrinsic Effects of Cranial Modification: A Case Study of Cranial Porosity and Cranial Modification Intensity in Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000 - AD 1400) Andahuaylas, Peru Davette N. Gadison Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/anthro_theses Recommended Citation Gadison, Davette N., "Extrinsic Effects of Cranial Modification: A Case Study of Cranial Porosity and Cranial Modification Intensity in Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000 - AD 1400) Andahuaylas, Peru." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2015. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/anthro_theses/95 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Anthropology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Anthropology Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EXTRINSIC EFFECTS OF CRANIAL MODIFICATION: A CASE STUDY OF CRANIAL POROSITY AND CRANIAL MODIFICATION INTENSITY IN LATE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (AD 1000 – AD 1400) ANDAHUAYLAS, PERU by DAVETTE NICHOLE GADISON Under the Direction of Bethany L. Turner-Livermore, PhD ABSTRACT Body alterations such as artificial cranial modification are permanent irreversible changes to the body that become a powerful, constant visual “salient” indicator (Torres-Rouff 2002) or life-long affiliation or demarcation of social identity (Kurin 2014). Most studies have focused on the social implications as well as typology and classification methods. Very few studies have investigated the extrinsic pathological consequences of external compression caused by the boards, pads, and bands used to create pressure at various points on the skull in order to achieve the desired modified shape. This study investigates the relationship between porotic lesions on the external cranial vault and the degree of modification intensity of the predominant cranial modification forms in the Chanka and Quechua societies from the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000 to AD 1400) in Andahuaylas, Peru. INDEX WORDS: artificial cranial modification, porotic hyperostosis, cribra orbitalia, Andahuaylas EXTRINSIC EFFECTS OF CRANIAL MODIFICATION: A CASE STUDY OF CRANIAL POROSITY AND CRANIAL MODIFICATION INTENSITY IN LATE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (AD 1000 – AD 1400) ANDAHUAYLAS, PERU by DAVETTE NICHOLE GADISON A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2015 Copyright by Davette Nichole Gadison 2015 EXTRINSIC EFFECTS OF CRANIAL MODIFICATION: A CASE STUDY OF CRANIAL POROSITY AND CRANIAL MODIFICATION INTENSITY IN LATE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD (AD 1000 – AD 1400) ANDAHUAYLAS, PERU by DAVETTE NICHOLE GADISON Committee Chair: Bethany L. Turner-Livermore Committee: Danielle S. Kurin Nicola O. Sharratt Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2015 iv DEDICATION To my family: Rosalind, David, and Dathan. Thank you for your support. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Danielle Kurin for allowing me to do this research and for encouraging and pushing me to be a better scholar. It has been an honor to be able to take part in this research. To Dr. Bethany Turner-Livermore, thank you for being a great adviser and allowing me the freedom gain additional field experience and field work during the semester. You have provided me with confidence throughout this process. Thank you for everything. I thank Dr. Nicola Sharratt for her encouragement, as well as providing great advice during this process. I would also like to thank my cohort; for their support, friendship, and good laughs. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ v LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................. x LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... xi 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Research Objective ................................................................................................ 1 1.1.1 Research Questions and Hypotheses ............................................................... 2 1.2 Expected Results ................................................................................................... 3 2 CRANIAL MODIFICATION ...................................................................................... 4 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Artificial Cranial Modification in the Prehistoric Andes ...................................... 7 2.3 Artificial Cranial Modification in Andahuaylas.................................................... 9 2.4 Consequences of Artificial Cranial Modification ............................................... 11 2.4.1 Changes to Bone Structure ............................................................................ 11 2.4.2 External Reactions ......................................................................................... 13 2.4.3 Social Violence............................................................................................... 14 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................................. 14 3 CRANIAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ........................................................ 16 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 16 3.2 Developmental Anatomy..................................................................................... 17 vii 3.3 The Ossification Process ..................................................................................... 22 3.4 Postnatal Growth ................................................................................................. 23 3.5 Brain Expansion, Cranial Growth, and Cultural Compression ........................... 24 3.6 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cranial Expansion ........................................................... 25 3.6.1 Intrinsic Adjustments of Cranial Growth ....................................................... 29 3.7 Extrinsic Alterations of Cranial Vault Expansion ............................................... 31 3.8 Summary ............................................................................................................. 33 4 CRANIAL LESIONS ................................................................................................. 34 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 34 4.2 Porotic Hyperostosis and Cribra Orbitalia .......................................................... 35 4.3 Parasites ............................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Infection .............................................................................................................. 39 4.5 Cranial Porosity and Modification ...................................................................... 39 4.6 Case Study ........................................................................................................... 40 4.7 Summary ............................................................................................................. 44 5 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................ 45 5.1 Geography ........................................................................................................... 45 5.2 Culture History .................................................................................................... 47 5.3 Wari in Andahuaylas ........................................................................................... 52 5.4 After Collapse ..................................................................................................... 53 viii 5.4.1 Ethnogenesis in Andahuaylas ........................................................................ 54 5.4.2 Cranial Modification and Ethnogenesis in Andahuaylas .............................. 56 5.5 Summary ............................................................................................................. 58 6 RESEARCH DESIGN ................................................................................................ 60 6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................. 60 6.2 Research Question ............................................................................................... 61 6.3 Methodology ....................................................................................................... 61 6.3.1 Assessing Cranial Modification ..................................................................... 62 6.3.2 Age Estimation ............................................................................................... 63 6.3.3 Sex Estimation ...............................................................................................