Diversification in aquaculture: A tool for sustainability GOBIERNO MINISTERIO DE ESPAÑA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE, Y MEDIO RURAL Y MARINO Diversification in aquaculture: A tool for sustainability GOBIERNO MINISTERIO DE ESPAÑA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE, Y MEDIO RURAL Y MARINO Table of contents GOBIERNO MINISTERIO Authors .................................................................................................................................................... 7 DE ESPAÑA DE MEDIO AMBIENTE, Y MEDIO RURAL Y MARINO 1. Introduction: the need for diversification in achieving sustainable aquaculture ........................... 9 1.1. Aquaculture and diversification ................................................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Justification for writing this guide ............................................................................................................................... 12 MARM. General Marine Secretariat. 1.3. Purpose of the guide ...................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4. Organisation of the document .................................................................................................................................... 13 Establishment of directive guidelines promoting the sustainable development of aquaculture in the Mediterranean 2. Diversification of sites ....................................................................................................................... 15 related to land-based aquaculture and diversification in sea and land-based aquaculture activities. 2.1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Justification for selecting the site ................................................................................................................................ 15 Published by: 2.3. Choice of sites. Geographical Information Systems ............................................................................................... 16 © Spanish Ministry of Environmental, Rural and Marine Affairs 2.4. Case study: selection of the site for a marine farm for producing Sparus aurata (gilthead sea bream), General Technical Secretariat Dicentrarchus labrax (sea bass) and Argyrosomus regius (meagre) ................................................................. 19 Publications Centre 2.5. Recommendation ........................................................................................................................................................... 22 3. Diversification of the farmed species .............................................................................................. 25 Technical Assistance: Tecnoma, S.A. and Asoc. RIIA-CV 3.1. Background and justification ........................................................................................................................................ 25 August 2011 3.2. Diversification of the farmed species ......................................................................................................................... 25 3.3. Diversification process .................................................................................................................................................. 26 Design and Layout: 3.4. New species ..................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Acero Estudio Valencia, S.L. 3.5. Integrated sole (Solea senegalensis) culture ............................................................................................................. 29 3.5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................. 29 Printing and Binding: textos&imágenes 3.5.2. Reproduction ................................................................................................................................................................................ 30 3.5.3. Larval culture ............................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Available in: Spanish Ministry of Environmental, Rural and Marine Affairs. 3.5.4. Fattening ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 31 General Marine Secretariat. 3.6. Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) culture .......................................................................................................................... 31 C/ Velázquez, 166. 3.7. Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................................... 33 Madrid, Spain. 4. Diversification of culture density ..................................................................................................... 35 Tel.: 91 347 60 71 4.1. Background ...................................................................................................................................................................... 35 http://marm.es/es/pesca/publicaciones/ 4.2. Justification ....................................................................................................................................................................... 36 Official Publication Identification Number: 770-11-238-7 4.3. Development ................................................................................................................................................................... 37 ISBN: 978-84-491-1122-8 4.4. Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................................................... 39 Legal Deposit 2010 4.5. Case study. Production densities during the fattening phase in the ecological production of General Official Publications Catalogue: gilthead sea bream and sea bass in Mediterranean aquaculture facilities ........................................................ 39 http://publicacionesoficiales.boe.es/ (servicios en línea/oficina virtual/Publicaciones) 4.6. Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................................... 43 Recycled, chlorine-free paper was used to print this publication, in accordance with the environmental 5. Diversification of the production systems ...................................................................................... 45 criteria applicable to public contracts. 5.1. Background ...................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Technical data: Format: 21.0 x 29.7 cm. Text body: 7,2 x 21,9 cm. Layout: two columns. Typeface: Gill Sans 5.2. Production system types based on the saline tolerance of the species ............................................................. 45 Light 12. Binding: rustic and sewn with vegetable thread. Paper: Interior, semi-matte with “stucco” finish 5.3. Production system types based on the organism farmed ..................................................................................... 45 (couché), 125 g. Cover: 300 g poster board. Printed in four colours, plus machine varnish. Ink colours: 5.4. Production system types based on the development phases of the species .................................................... 46 5.5. Production system types based on culture density ................................................................................................ 46 5.6. Production systems based on culture location ........................................................................................................ 47 8.5. Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................................... 79 5.7. Types of facilities, based on the use of the water: open and closed circuits ..................................................... 48 9. Diversification of products ............................................................................................................... 81 5.7.1. Open circuit .................................................................................................................................................................................. 48 9.1. Background: diversification with respect to previous planning ............................................................................ 81 5.7.2. Closed circuit ................................................................................................................................................................................ 50 9.2. Lengthening the life of the product ............................................................................................................................ 81 9.3. Processed and elaborated products ..........................................................................................................................