MARRON HAYES ADOBES HISTORIC DISTRICT HABS CA-2900 2000 Haymar Drive HABS CA-2900 Carlsbad San Diego County California PHOTOGRAPHS WRITTEN HISTORICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA FIELD RECORDS HISTORIC AMERICAN BUILDINGS SURVEY National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior 1849 C Street NW Washington, DC 20240-0001 2000 Haymar Dr., Carlsbad, San Diego County, California APN 167-040-31-00 The Marrón-Hayes Adobes Historic District is located at latitude: 33.179307, longitude: -117.309229. The coordinates represent the central point of the Marrón-Hayes Adobe, the extant building of the historic district. These coordinates were obtained on July 1, 2014, using Google Earth’s GPS mapping grade unit. The coordinates’ datum is North American Datum 1983. Shelley Hayes Caron Residence The Marrón-Hayes Adobes Historic District is comprised of the extant Marrón- Hayes Adobe (ca. 1854, altered 1947) and the melted Hayes Adobe (constructed by ca. 1875 and added onto thereafter, deteriorating by 1930s, ruins only by 1965, no longer extant). The Marrón-Hayes Adobes Historic District was once part of Silvestre Marrón’s much larger 362-acre ranch (Figure 1). The Marrón- Hayes Adobes Historic District is significant for its association with Silvestre Marrón, one of the first non-Indian settlers of the present-day Oceanside- Carlsbad area, and John Chauncey Hayes, an influential late nineteenth-century and early-twentieth-century lawyer, judge, newspaper man, farmer, real estate developer, and one of the founders of the city of Oceanside. The extant Marrón- Hayes Adobe is significant as a rare and intact example of a late Mexican-style adobe in San Diego County (1850-1906), as well as an excellent example of mid- twentieth-century (1947) Mission Revival architecture, which was a romanticized revival of the Spanish-Mexican architectural roots of San Diego. Sarah Stringer-Bowsher, Senior Historian; Jennifer Gorman, Senior Architectural Historian; and Shannon Davis, Senior Architectural Historian, all with ASM Affiliates, completed this report in January 2015. This project was prepared by ASM Affiliates for the Quarry Creek Investors, LLC to complete the HABS documentation for the Marrón-Hayes Adobes Historic District. This project was conducted as mitigation for the planned development of land adjacent to the historic district, in consultation with the Heritage Documentation Program of the National Park Service’s Cultural Resources Division, Washington, D.C. ASM prepared this outline-format history, as well as the sketch plan of the structure. Photography was taken and printed by Christopher Wray, professional HABS/HAER photographer. MARRÓN-HAYES ADOBES HISTORIC DISTRICT HABS NO. CA-2900 (Page 2) ca. 1854 original construction; possible alterations in 1888; known alterations and additions in 1947. Unknown; however, it is highly unlikely that a professional architect was involved with the building’s construction. In 1842, Rancho Agua Hedionda was granted to Juan María Romualdo Marrón (1808-1853). In 1853, 362 acres of the ranch, the remains of which generally comprise the Marrón-Hayes Adobes Historic District, were willed to Silvestre Marrón from his older brother, Juan María Romualdo. In ca. 1854, Silvestre Marrón (1827-1906) constructed the extant adobe building now known as the Marrón-Hayes Adobe. Subsequently, Silvestre Marrón’s children constructed residences and other structures on the land. Silvestre Marrón’s daughter Felipa married John Chauncey Hayes (1853-1934), and the two lived on the property sometime after their marriage in 1875 until 1887 in what is now remembered as the Hayes Adobe or melted adobe. The melted adobe was located west of the extant Marrón- Hayes Adobe. The extant Marrón-Hayes Adobe was left vacant through the 1930s. In 1947, Fred Hayes (son of John Chauncey Hayes and Felipa Marrón Hayes) rehabilitated his grandfather’s adobe. At that time, Fred Hayes also expanded the adobe by adding west and north sections, which resulted in the creation of a central enclosed courtyard. The adobe was later willed to Fred’s son, Berry Monty Hayes in 1957. Berry Monty Hayes died in 1970, and the property is currently owned by his daughter Shelley Hayes Caron. Silvestre Marrón, ca. 1854; Fred Hayes, 1947 No original plans are extant, and likely were not drawn. Precise original appearance is unknown, but it is believed to have been a one- story L-plan building with adobe walls, a clay tile pitched roof, and a corredor lining the south and east facades, which served as the primary circulation space as well as living space. The extant adobe was constructed ca. 1854. It was a one- story adobe with a tile roof and a courtyard. Based on available historic photographs, alterations to the house appear to have been made to the west end of the southern ell prior to the 1930s. Additional changes include a replacement of an original tile roof with wood shingles and removal of chimneys. In 1947, a one-story west addition was constructed, as well as a detached one-story addition to the north. The additions formed a square with a central open courtyard. The adobe was updated in 1947 to accommodate electricity, heat, and plumbing. A doorbell system was also installed. The windows and doors on the original adobe were replaced in 1947. No other alterations have been made to the house since 1947. B. Historical Context: Mission Grazing Lands in San Diego County Become Ranchos MARRÓN-HAYES ADOBES HISTORIC DISTRICT HABS NO. CA-2900 (Page 3) The Marrón-Hayes Adobes Historic District was once part of grazing lands for Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, one of 21 Spanish and Mexican missions established largely along the coastline from San Diego to Sonoma from 1769 to 1823. The Spanish colonial government authorized land grants in California for the missions, presidios, and pueblos, along with some large private grants given as ranchos under the stipulation that the land granted not exceed 13,285.2 acres (later increased for agricultural uses) and that a minimum of 2,000 head of livestock roam each rancho.1 Rancho grants encouraged agriculture and industry, and were often given to soldiers and settlers. The Spanish government allotted approximately 30 private ranchos throughout Alta California.2 In present-day San Diego County, the Spanish government established two missions: Mission San Diego de Alcalá (1769) and Mission San Luis Rey de Francia (1798). A presidio in San Diego safeguarded missions and settlers at Mission San Diego and San Luis Rey and beyond.3 In San Diego County, all ranchos were granted during the Mexican period (1821-46), and many were granted in the 1840s to the governors’ friends, relatives, and businessmen, most notably on the eve of war with the United States.4 Ranching on large expanses of land was a Spanish-period practice in Alta California that continued into the Mexican period. Ranching during the Spanish period (1769-1821) was the “chief economic resource” as ranches supplied the missions.5 Pasture and water were the two essential components in determining the health of livestock, and the Spanish government sought out places that could provide both in abundance. The proximity of pasture and water also typically coincided with the placement of Native communities. Observing this fact, the Spanish government looked to establish mission properties in suitable areas and to appropriate the labor of Native people in addition to the natural resources of the Natives’ traditional territories.6 Since ranches supplied the missions, the number of ranches a mission had reflected the importance of the livestock industry for that mission. At one time, San Luis Rey had more than 20 ranches covering 1,200 mi.2. Those missions with the largest ranges had the highest number of herds. Seven missions, including San Luis Rey, were the main livestock raisers for the 21-mission system.7 Mission lands extended from one mission to the next, with individual ranchos or outposts supporting the missions with farming and grazing.8 As a consequence, disputes between missions over grazing lands were common, particularly during periods of drought; mission fathers also protested 1 Mario T. Garcia, “Merchants and Dons: San Diego’s Attempt at Modernization, 1850-1860,” Journal of San Diego History 21, no. 1 (1975):3. 2 Cris Perez, “Grants of Land in California Made By the Spanish or Mexican Authorities,” report prepared by the Staff of the State Lands Commission (23 August 1982): 3, available at http://www.slc.ca.gov/reports/grants_of_ land/part_1.pdf (accessed 4 December 2014). 3 W. W. Robinson, Land in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1948); Perez, “Grants of Land in California.” 4 Paul Gates, “Adjudication of Spanish-Mexican Land Claims in California,” Huntington Library Quarterly 21, no. 3 (1958): 229; Cecil Moyer, Historic Ranchos of California (San Diego: Union-Tribune Publishing, 1969), vii. 5 Mario T. Garcia, “Merchants and Dons,” 2. 6 Robert H. Jackson and Edward Castillo, Indians, Franciscans, and Spanish Colonization: The Impact of the Mission System on California Indians (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995), 11, 50. 7 R. Louis Gentilcore, “Missions and Mission Lands in Alta California,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 51, no. 1 (1961): 67. 8 Robinson, Land in California; Perez, “Grants of Land in California,” 7. MARRÓN-HAYES ADOBES HISTORIC DISTRICT HABS NO. CA-2900 (Page 4) encroachment on their lands by military and private ranchers.9 In San Diego County, Buena Vista Creek would later become the dividing line between the territories linked to two missions.10 When Mission San Luis Rey was founded in 1798, the mission received more than 300 cattle and 508 sheep, along with horses and oxen.11 The pasture land of San Luis Rey was far superior to that of Mission San Diego, yet rainfall remained a consistent source of concern for pasturing livestock.12 Despite inconsistent rainfall, the mission recorded more than 20,000 head of livestock just 10 years later.