TurkJBot 28(2004)273-278 ©TÜB‹TAK ResearchArticle Gypsophilasphaerocephala FenzlexTchihat.:ABoron HyperaccumulatorPlantSpeciesThatMayPhytoremediateSoils withToxicBLevels MehmetBABAO⁄LU DepartmentofFieldCrops,FacultyofAgriculture,SelçukUniversity,42031Kampüs,Konya-TURKEY [email protected] SaitGEZG‹N DepartmentofSoilScience&PlantNutrition,FacultyofAgriculture,SelçukUniversity,42031,Kampüs,Konya-TURKEY AliTOPAL DepartmentofFieldCrops,FacultyofAgriculture,SelçukUniversity,42031Kampüs,Konya-TURKEY BayramSADE DepartmentofFieldCrops,FacultyofAgriculture,SelçukUniversity,42031Kampüs,Konya-TURKEY HüseyinDURAL DepartmentofBiology,FacultyofArts&Science,SelçukUniversity,42031Kampüs,Konya-TURKEY Received:06.03.2003 Accepted:05.09.2003 Abstract: Analyseswerecarriedouttoidentifyboron(B)hyperaccumulatingplantspeciesinanactivelyB-minedareaofKırka, Eskiflehir,Turkey.Only4plantspecies, Gypsophilasphaerocephala FenzlexTchihat.var. sphaerocephala (Caryophyllaceae), Gypsophilaperfoliata L.(Caryophyllaceae),Puccinelliadistans (Jacq.)Parl.subsp. distans (Gramineae)andElymuselongatus (Host) Runemarksubsp.turcicus (McGuire)Melderis( Gramineae),wereidentifiedinthehighestB-containingsectionsofthemine.The specieswerefoundgrowingsuccessfullyunderhightotal(8900mgkg-1)andavailable(277mgkg-1)soilBconcentrations.Among theseplantspecies, G.sphaerocephala containedconsiderablyhigherBconcentrationsinitsabove-groundparts(2093±199SD mgkg-1,seeds;3345±341SDmgkg -1,leaves),comparedtotheroots(51±11SDmgkg -1)andorgansoftheotherspeciesas revealedbyanalysesusinganICP-AES(Varian,Vistamodel)instrument.Thisspecieswasfollowedby G.perfoliata withrespectto Bconcentrationsinitsvariousorgans.ThisstudyshowsthatG.sphaerocephala wasnotonlyabletogrowonheavilyB-contaminated soils,butwasalsoabletoaccumulateextraordinarilyhighconcentrationsofB.Thisprovidesanewplantgenotypetoexplore the mechanism(s)ofBhyperaccumulationwhichmayleadtoidentifyingthegene(s)conferringB-resistanceandtophytominingof contaminatedsoils,especiallywhereB-toxicitysymptomsoccur.Toourknowledge,therearenoreportsavailableonthe hyperaccumulationofB,althoughmanyreportsareavailableonthephytoremediationofmetalliferoussoilsthatcontainexcess amountsofZn,Mn,Cu,Co,Pb,AlandNi. KeyWords: Boronmine,Elymus,ICP-AES,phytoremediation,Puccinellia,tolerance Gypsophilasphaerocephala FenzlexTchihat:ToksikSeviyedeBor‹çerenTopraklarınBitkisel YollaTemizlenmesindeKullanılabilecekHiperAkümülaBirBitkiTürü Özet: Eskiflehir‹li,Kırka‹lçesi’ndehalenfaaliyettebulunanbirbor(B)madenialanındado¤alolarakyetiflenpotansiyelhiper akümülatör(aflırıbiriktirici)bitkitürleriarafltırılmıfltır.Madenalanında Gypsophilasphaerocephala FenzlexTchihat.var. sphaerocephala (Caryophyllaceae), Gypsophilaperfoliata L.( Caryophyllaceae), Puccinelliadistans (Jacq.)Parl.subsp. distans (Gramineae)veElymuselongatus (Host)Runemarksubsp.turcicus (McGuire)Melderis(Gramineae)olmaküzeresadece4bitkitürü tespitedilmifltir.Butürleryüksektoplamtoprakboru(8900mgkg-1)veelverifllitoprakboru(277mgkg-1)konsantrasyonlarında baflarılıbirflekildeyetiflmektedirler.ICP-AtomikEmisyonSpektrofotometre(VarianVistaModel)ileyapılananalizlersonucu,d i¤er türlerlekarflılafltırıldı¤ında,G.asphaerocephala‘nıntopraküstüaksamındaoldukçayüksekkonsantrasyonlarda(2093±199SDmg kg-1,tohum;3345±341SDmgkg -1,yapraklar)Biçerdi¤i,köklerindeiseBkonsantrasyonudahadüflük(51±11SDmgkg -1) bulunmufltur.Biçeri¤ibakımındanbutürü G.perfoliata takipetmifltir. G.sphaerocephala ‘nınyüksekBtoksitebelirtilerinin görüldü¤ütopraklardayetifltirilmesiylehiperakümülasyonyoluylabitkiselmadencilikyapılabilece¤igözükmektedir.Literatürdedi¤er a¤ırmetalveyaelementlerle(Zn,Mn,Cu,Co,Pb,AlveNi)ilgilibirçokbildirimolmasınakar?ınBelementiileilgiliherha ngibir bildirimerastlanmamıfltır.Buçalıflmabuyöndenbirilkniteli¤indedir. AnahtarSözcükler: Bormadeni,Elymus,ICP-AES,bitkiseltemizleme,Puccinellia,hiperakümülatör 273 Gypsophilasphaerocephala FenzlexTchihat.:ABoronHyperaccumulatorPlantSpeciesThatMayPhytoremediateSoilswithToxicBLevels Introduction beenrecentinterestinAsaccumulationbyferns(Maet -1 Phytoremediationistheuseofplantstomakesoil al.,2001),andaplantwhichaccumulates3000mgkg contaminantsnon-toxicandisoneformof Alhasalsobeenidentified(Kochianetal.,2002),but bioremediation.Plantswhichuptakehighlevelsofan verylittleisknowntodateaboutabnormalaccumulation elementfromsoilarecalledhyperaccumulators;these ofBbyplants. arenowbeingcloselyinvestigated,bothbymolecular Bothdeficienciesandtoxicitiesofmicro-elementscan techniquesandbysoil/plantanalyses,atthesiteswhere suppressplantgrowth.Whenpresentatincreasedlevels theyoccur.Thetermphytoremediationgenerallyrefers ofbio-availability,bothessentialmicronutrients(Cu,Zn, tophytostabilizationandphytoextraction.In Mn,Fe,Ni,MoandB)andnon-essentialmetals phytostabilisation,soilamendmentsandplantsareused (micronutrientanalogues,e.g.Cd,Pb,HgandCr)are toalterthechemicalandphysicalstateoftheheavy toxic(Baker&Brooks,1989).Boccursinmanyrocks metalcontaminantsinthesoil.Inphytoextraction, andsoilsattotalconcentrationsof5-50mgkg -1,andis plantsareusedtoremovecontaminantsfromthesoil normallypresentinplantleaftissueatconcentrationsof andarethenharvestedforprocessing(Karenlampiet 10-50mgkg -1.However,manyspecies,including al.,2000). importantcerealssuchaswheat,arequitesensitiveto Thetermhyperaccumulatorwasfirstusedinrelation elevatedBintheirtissues,andshowseveretoxicity toplantscontainingmorethan1000µgg -1 (0.1%)Niin symptomsattissuelevelsofabout50mgkg -1.Such drytissue(Jaffreetal.,1976;Brooksetal.,1977).A levelscanbefoundintissueswhentheavailablesoilB laterpublication(Baker&Brooks,1989)extendedthe exceeds3mgkg -1. useofthetermtoincludeplantscontainingmorethan Recently,Gezginetal.(2002)surveyedtheB 1%ZnorMn,ormorethan0.1%Cu,Co,CrandPb.The contentsof898soilsamplesfrom7provincesin abilityof Thlaspicaerulescens L.toaccumulateZnto Turkey;Konya,Afyon,Karaman,Aksaray,Ni¤de, -1 morethan10,000µgg (1%)indrytissuehasbeen NevflehirandKayseri.Theseregionsencompass3.5 knownsincethe1860s,butithasbecomeapparentfrom millionhaofcultivatedlandinCentralSouthern morerecentworkthatseveralspeciesofthisgenuscan Anatolia.Accordingtothesurvey,nearly50%ofsoilsin alsohyperaccumulate(Reeves&Brooks,1983;Reeves, theseprovincescontainedlowlevelsofavailableBwhich 1988)frommetal-richsoilsandcanhyperaccumulatea canbecorrectedbyexternalBapplicationsintheform widervarietyofmetals(includingCd,MnandCo)from ofboraxorboricacid.However,another18%ofsoils amendednutrientsolutions(Bakeretal.,1994).There inthisregioncontainBatmorethanthecriticalupper hasalsobeenrecentinterestinhigh-CdpopulationsofT. levelforavailablesoilB,whichisconsideredtobe3mg caerulescens fromminesoils(Robinsonetal.,1998; kg-1 (Keren&Bingham,1985)formostcrops. Reevesetal.,2001). Accordingly,strategiesshouldbedevelopedeitherby Plantssuitableforphytoremediationshouldpossess breedingB-tolerantgenotypes(whichmaytakemany (a)anabilitytoaccumulatethetargetedmetal(s), yearstoachieve),orbyphytoremediationwithB- preferablyintheaerialparts;(b)tolerancetothemetal accumulatingspecies.Thiscouldofferenormous concentrationsaccumulated;(c)fastgrowthofthemetal advantagesatsuchsitesbyhelpingtowidentheareasin accumulatingbiomass;and(d)easeofcultivationand whichcerealscouldbecultivatedwithoutsufferingyield harvesting(Baker&Brooks,1989).Chaneyetal.(1997) reductions.Soilamendmentsbyconventionaltechniques havearguedthatmetaltoleranceandhyperaccumulation suchasleachingorincreasingpHbyliming(Nableetal., aremoreimportantfactorsthanhighbiomass 1997)forincreasedBadsorptiononsoilseemnotto production. suitCentralAnatolianconditionsduetoitslowannual Arecentlistofhyperaccumulatorsforseveralmetals rainfallandwatershortages,andthehighlimecontent (Zn,Cd,Pb,Ni,Cu,SeandMn)hasbeenpublished ofthesoils.Forthisreason,B-accumulatingspecieshave (Reeves&Baker,2000).Thisworkdidnotconsider beensoughtthroughastudyofplantsgrowinginaB- severalotherelements,suchasB,AsandAl.Therehas miningarea. 274 M.BABAO⁄LU,S.GEZG‹N,A.TOPAL,B.SADE,H.DURAL MaterialsandMethods InadditiontoplantsamplesfromtheKırkaminearea, Plantsspecieswerecollectedon21August2001 Gypsophilaperfoliata L.( Caryophyllaceae)plantswere fromEtiborCo.,TurkeyaB-miningareaofKırka, alsocollectedfromÇomaklı,Konyaforcomparison Eskiflehir(lat43o 19’23’’long28o 28’24’’atanaltitude purposes.Thesesamplesnaturallygrowonsoilsnearthe of1125m).ThisisoneoftherichestBminesinthe experimentalareaoftheFacultyofAgriculture.Thiswas theonlyspeciesgrowinginboththisareaandintheKırka world,withaboraxyieldof25%(w/w),3timesricher minearea. thananyotherBmineintheworld.Inaddition,65%of worldBreservesareinTurkey,withanestimatedvalue ExtractableBconcentrationsinsoilweredetermined ofnearly700billionUSD(personalcommunication,Mr. accordingtothemethodofCartwrightetal.(1983)by B.M.Temizkalp). extractionwith0.01Mmannitolplus0.01MCaCl2 using asoil:solutionratioof1:5andashakingtimeof16h. Plantsamplesalongwiththeirrepresentativesoils(0- TheBextractedwasdeterminedbyICP-AES.TotalBin 50cmdeep)werecollectedfromthearea.Samplesof thesoilwasdeterminedbybothmixedaciddigestionand surfacesoilswerecollectedfrompitsmeasuring20x20 sodiumcarbonate(Na CO )fusion(Bingham,1982). x20cm.Allsampleswereindividuallyputintoplastic 2 3 bags,whichweredirectlybroughttothelaboratoryfor descriptionsandanalyses.Roots,stems,leaves,seedsand ResultsandDiscussion spikeswhereappropriatewereseparated. TheBcontentsoftheplantspeciesdescribedare Allplantsampleswerecarefullywashedwithwaterto givenintheTable.Intheminingarea,thepredominantly removeanytracesofsoilandwerethenoven-driedat70 occurringplantswere Gypsophilasphaerocephala Fenzl oCfor48hbeforedryweightsweremeasured.Samples