Lincoln University Digital Thesis Copyright Statement The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Revisiting Boracay Island, the Philippines: An Integrated Coastal Zone Management Perspective A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science at Lincoln University by Thesa Saracanlao Rowan Lincoln University 2011 Abstract of a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Applied Science. Abstract Revisiting Boracay Island, the Philippines: An Integrated Coastal Zone Management Perspective by Thesa Saracanlao Rowan Tourism is one of the important industries in the world. Tourism can bring positive and negative economic, socio-cultural and environmental consequences at the destination level. Small island tourism destinations are often more susceptible to these various insular impacts due to its geographical scale and environmental fragility. In some destinations, impacts associated with tourism development were able to control by formal plans. There has been a move from sector-specific planning for tourism into an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) for island tourism. However, other researchers argued that planning is not an effective measure to control tourism development. Hence, this research examines the effectiveness of a formal plan and ICZM in guiding development in a small island coastal zone area that is experiencing high tourism demand. This research explores whether or not the Boracay Island Master Development Plan (BIMDP), the first formal master plan for Boracay Island in the Philippines, manifests the components of ICZM. The research also aimed to find out if BIMDP was able to control the developments in the Island. The research results revealed that BIMDP did not manifest the components of ICZM. It also suggested that formal plans were not fully able to control tourism development in Boracay. This research discussed the different factors influencing the implementation of BIMDP and the reasons why ICZM failed to guide the development in the Island. Keywords: Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), Coastal Resource Management (CRM), Tourism, Coastal Tourism, Island Tourism, Philippines, Boracay Island ii Acknowledgements The researcher wish to the following people for their help and contribution for developing this thesis: Professor Hamish Rennie and Professor Emma Stewart for their supervision and review; The New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID) for the scholarship; The research respondents who gave time and valuable information for this research; The researcher‘s family and friends for the motivation; and to God almighty for the spiritual strength and guidance. iii Table of Contents Abstract......... ............................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. iii List of Maps..... ....................................................................................................................... .vii List of Figures ......................................................................................................................... vii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 1.1. Overview of the Study .................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Research Questions ....................................................................................................... 2 1.3. Justification of the Study .............................................................................................. 3 1.4. Researcher’s Interest .................................................................................................... 4 1.5. Thesis Structure ............................................................................................................ 4 Chapter 2 Background of the Research Setting .................................................................... 6 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Origin of the name “Boracay” ..................................................................................... 6 2.3. Location of Boracay Island .......................................................................................... 6 Map of the Philippines (Wikipedia, 2010); ............................................................................. 7 2.4. Population ...................................................................................................................... 7 2.5. Physical Character ........................................................................................................ 8 2.6. Natural Resources ....................................................................................................... 10 2.7. Economic Setting ........................................................................................................ 14 2.8. Institutional and Planning Development .................................................................. 16 2.8.1. The Era of National Agencies ........................................................................... 16 2.8.2. The Local Government Unit ............................................................................. 17 2.9. Summary ..................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter 3 Review of Related Literature .............................................................................. 24 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 24 3.2. Defining Tourism ........................................................................................................ 24 3.3. Tourism Impacts ......................................................................................................... 25 3.4. Tourism as a System ................................................................................................... 31 3.5. Tourism Modeling: Its Capability to Predict Impacts of Tourism Development . 32 3.6. The Tourism Planning Theories ................................................................................ 37 3.7. The Need for Collaboration in Tourism Development ............................................ 38 3.8. The Concept of ICZM in Coastal Zone with High Tourism Demands .................. 42 3.9. The need to understand coastal system for ICZM .................................................. 45 3.10. Dealing with potential barriers towards ICZM ....................................................... 46 3.11. The extent of ICZM Application ............................................................................... 51 iv Chapter 4 Research Methodology ......................................................................................... 55 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 55 4.2. The Research Process ................................................................................................. 55 4.3. Research Approach Used in the Study ..................................................................... 56 4.4. The Research Methods ............................................................................................... 57 4.5. Summary ..................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 5 Results ................................................................................................................... 68 5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 68 5.2 The BIMDP Planning Process ..................................................................................... 68 5.2.1 Introducing the Boracay Island Master Development Plan (BIMDP): A Content Summary ............................................................................................. 68 5.2.2 The Planning Process ........................................................................................ 71 5.2.3 The Implementation Process ............................................................................ 73 5.3 Planning in Boracay ...................................................................................................... 76 5.3.1 Municipality of Malay, Aklan Comprehensive Development Plan (MMCDP) .......................................................................................................... 76 5.3.2 The Barangay Development Plan (BDP) ......................................................... 81 5.3.3 The