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Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Fhotogr^hs included in the orignal manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell information Com pany 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 3l3.'761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9516979 The modernization of professional football in England and the United States: A comparative analysis Dawson, Steven Charles, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1994 UMI 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 THE MODERNIZATION OF PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL IN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of Ohio State University By Steven Charles Dawson, B.Ed., M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 1994 Dissertation Committee: Approved by M. Adelman S. Kleinman B. Nelson Adviser Department of Physical Education Copyright by Steven Charles Dawson 1994 To my Wife and children ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to sincerely thank Dr. Melvin Adelman for his patience, guidance, and insightful comments during the course of this study. I also appreciate the efforts and suggestions from the other members of my advisory committee, Drs. Barbara Nelson and Sy Kleinman. Gratitude is expressed to Gene Harvey for his assistance and efforts in the computing center. To my Wife, Debra, and my children, Jessica, Brenton and Jennifer, I am extremely grateful for their support, their faith in my ability, and their understanding during my absence. Ill VITA July 7, 1954 ................................................................................................ Bom, London England 1978 ......................................................................................... B.Ed. Loughborough University, Loughborough, England 1978-1979 Teacher, Cardinal Hinsley High School, London, England 1979-1981 M.A. Sport Sociolo^, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio. 1981-1982 ...................................................................................Teacher, Watchung Hills High School, Warren, New Jersey. 1982-Presen t ................................................................ Assistant Professor of Physical Education, Wittenberg University, Springfield, Ohio. PUBLICATIONS Dawson, S.C., M. Malmisur and J.Lewis. A Comparative Analysis of Professional Soccer in the United States and England. Journal of Snort Behavior. 7, 3, 1984. FIELD OF STUDY Major Field; Health, Physical Education and Recreation. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION............................................................................................................................. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................................................iii VITA .......................................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER PAGE I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 General Statement....................................................................................................... 1 Thesis Statement.......................................................................................................... 1 Goal of Study ................................................................................................ 1 Why Such a Study.......................................................................................... 2 Relevance and Importance of diis Study ..................................................... 3 Problems and Issues to S o lv e........................................................................ 3 Modernization............................................................................................... 4 Review of Literature.................................................................................................. 4 Modernization Theory .................................................................................. 4 Cross Cultural Analysis ................................................................................ 10 Internal Versus E xternal................................................................................ 13 Development of Thesis................................................................................................ 15 Methodology and Other Needed P o in ts..................................................................... 16 Fram ework.................................................................................................................. 18 Rationalization................................................................................................ 18 Organization.................................................................................................. 21 Commercialization ........................................................................................ 23 M e d ia ............................................................................................................. 25 Employee R o le.......................... 26 n THE G A M E ............................................................................................................... 28 ENGLAND.................................................................................................................. 28 Competitions.................................................................................................. 32 World Cup ........................................................................................ 32 The F.A. Cup .................................................................................. 33 The Football League Cup ................................................................ 34 The Football League Championship................................................ 34 International T eam s........................................................................................ 35 CHAPTER PAGE Apprentices.................................................................................................... 36 Amateur Football .......................................................................................... 37 Managers and Coaches.................................................................................. 38 Substitutions.................................................................................................. 38 Length of Season ......................................................................................... 39 Crowds ......................................................................................................... 39 USA ............................................................................................................................ 41 The Roots of Professional Football............................................................. 43 The Pennsylvania Period ............................................................................... 45 The Ohio Period............................................................................................ 46 Transition and Development ....................................................................... 48 Post World Warn ....................................................................................... 51 The Contemporary Game ............................................................................. 53 m RATIONALIZATION............................................................................................... 57 ENGLAND................................................................................................................. 58 Introduction.................................................................................................... 58 Nineteenth C entury....................................................................................... 58 Twentieth Century - Training and Practice.................................................. 68 City F a c to r.................................................................................................... 69 Professionalism, Conunercialism, and the Working-Class ........................ 70 Post World