Enjoying the nightlife in Europe. The role of moderation Recreational nightlife in Europe is diverse Authors: Amador Calafat, Cesáreo Fernández, Montserrat Juan, and complex. This study explores the behaviour Anu-Hanna Anttila, Ruth Arias, Mark A. Bellis, Karl Bohrn, Regina Fenk, and beliefs of young people who participate in recreational life whilst choosing not to use Karen Hughes, Andrea Viktoria Kerschl, Anna Kokkevi, Kristiina Kuussaari, substances or to do so only occasionally and Frank Leenders, Fernando Mendes, Joseph Simon, Maria Spyropoulou, moderately. Goof van de Wijngaart, Patrizia Zavatti The research is empirically based. Statistical and ethnographic data have been collected from a sample of 1,777 young people who were interviewed in recreational environments across ten European cities. The analyses focus on key issues in the relationship between young people and drug consumption including: gender differences, risk perception, management of finances, leisure, free time, prospects, control of risk and sexuality. We hope that this work will contribute to the development of new strategies for creating healthier attitudes among young people by enabling greater levels of independence and personal autonomy. This book and other IREFREA books can be downloaded in www.irefrea.org Enjoying the nightlife in Europe. The role of moderation The role Enjoying the nightlife in Europe. IREFREA is a european network interested in the promotion and research of primary prevention of different sorts of juvenile malaise and the study of associated protective and risk factors. ENJOYING THE NIGHTLIFE IN EUROPE. THE ROLE OF MODERATION Book Coordinator: A. P. Relvas 3 ENJOYING THE NIGHTLIFE IN EUROPE. THE ROLE OF MODERATION Authors: Amador Calafat, Cesáreo Fernández, Montserrat Juan, Anu-Hanna Anttila, Ruth Arias, Mark A. Bellis, Karl Bohrn, Regina Fenk, Karen Hughes, Andrea Viktoria Kerschl, Anna Kokkevi, Kristiina Kuussaari, Frank Leenders, Fernando Mendes, Joseph Simon Maria Spyropoulou, Goof van de Wijngaart, Patrizia Zavatti Collaborators: Margot Koller, Ana Teresa Olaio, Verein Risiko, Marga Ros, Ioanna Siamou Financed with the assistance of the EUROPEAN COMMISSION This book and other IREFREA books can be downloaded in www.irefrea.org © IREFREA I.S.B.N.: 84-931947-3-5 D. Legal: V-2558-2003 Editor: IREFREA ESPAÑA Rambla, 15, 2º, 3ª E 07003 Palma de Mallorca (ESPAÑA) [email protected] Print: MARTIN IMPRESORES, S.L. • Pintor Jover, 1 • 46013 Valencia IREFREA Network Irefrea is a professional European network founded in 1988 interested in the promotion and research of prevention of drug and other child and adolescent problems. IREFREA books can be downloaded in www.irefrea.org ORGANISATIONS, INSTITUTIONS AND NATIONAL RESEARCH GROUPS PARTICIPATING IN THIS RESEARCH IREFREA AUSTRIA IREFREA PORTUGAL Karl Bohrn, Regina Fenk Fernando Mendes Institut für Sozial- und Urb. Construr Lote 6 (7-B) Gesundheitspsychologie (ISG) Predio Bascal Linke Wienzeile 112/4 3030 Coimbra - Portugal A-1060 Wien (AUSTRIA) Tel. +351 (0) 39 483081 Tel. +43 1 7861810 +351 (0) 39 981202 Fax +43 1 7861810-77 Fax +351 (0) 39 487265 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.isg-wien.org UTRECHT UNIVERSITY IREFREA ESPAÑA Goof van de Wijngaart, Frank Leenders Amador Calafat, Cesáreo Fernández CVO Addiction Research Institute Montserrat Juan, Ruth Arias Oudegracht 325 Rambla, 15, 2º, 3ª NL-3511 PC Utrecht 07003 Palma de Mallorca-España tel. +31 30 238 1495 Tel. +34 971727434 fax. + 31 30 238 1496 Fax +34 971213306 [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] IREFREA DEUSCHTLAND IREFREA GREECE Andrea Viktoria Kerschl, Horst Brömer Anna Kokkevi, Ioanna Siamou Lepsiusstra¢e, 76 Averof 21 D-12163 Berlin (Deustschland) 104-33 Athens Tel. 0049 30 79705350 Tel: +301-8253763 Fax 0049 30 79705352 Fax: +301-8225663 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] IREFREA FRANCE LIVERPOOL JOHN MOORES Joseph Simon, Gerard Broyer UNIVERSITY 10, Av. Malausséna Mark A. Bellis, Karen Hughes 06000 Nice-France Public Health Sector Tel:+330493926321 School of Health and Human Sciences Fax: +330493026320 70 Great Crosshall Street E-mail: [email protected] Liverpool L3 2AB, UK IREFREA - ITALIA www.phslive.com Patrizia Zavatti, Paolo Stocco C.T. Villa Renata UNIVERSITY OF TURKU Via Orsera, 4 Kriistiina Kuussaari 30126 Lido di Venezia - Italy Anu-Hanna Anttila Tel. +39 041 5268822 Department of Sociology 20014 Fax +39 041 5267874 University of Turku E- mail: [email protected] Finland Tel +358-2-3336640 Fax +358-2-3335080 E-mail: [email protected] NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS Anu-Hanna Anttila. Master of Arts. Researcher and Teaching Associate at the Department of Sociology in the University of Turku, Finland. Ruth Arias. Psychologist, Researcher for IREFREA. Mark Bellis. Director of the North West Public Health Observatory, Vice Chair of the National Association of Public Health Observatories, Professor of Public Health and Head of the Public Health Sector (PHS) at Liverpool John Moores University. The PHS undertakes national and international research in Sexual Health, Substance Use, Ethnic Health and Emergency Planning. Karl Bohrn. President of IREFREA Austria. Director of the scientific branch of the Institute for Social– and Health Psychology (ISG), clinical and health psychologist, person-centred psychotherapist. Researcher in the area of addictions. Member of the NGO Committee on Narcotic Drugs of the UN Office in Vienna. Amador Calafat Far. Psychiatrist and Psychologist. President of IREFREA España. Vice President of Socidrogalcohol. Member of the Monitoring Council of the Spanish Observatory on Drugs. Editor of Adicciones. Expert in prevention and formerly responsible for prevention in Mallorca. Cesáreo Fernández. Degree in Industrial and Clinical Psychology, Masters in Drug Dependence, and Doctorate in the Programme of Clinical Psychology from the Universidad del País Vasco. Research responsibilities in Mental Health and Drug Dependence. Regina Fenk. Studies in Austria and France, Doctor degree in social and health psychology, clinical and health psychologist, research in the field of drug prevention, evaluation of prevention and other health related issues. Karen Hughes. Research Associate, at the Public Health Sector (Liverpool John Moores University) specialising in nightlife aspects of recreational drug use, sexual health and health protection. Montserrat Juan Jerez. Doctor of Sociology. IREFREA researcher and Associate Professor at Universidad de Alicante (Spain). Andrea Viktoria Kerschl. Psychologist, additional degrees in clinical psychology and psychiatry. Psychotherapist and long-term practise and research experience in gender specific work in the field of drug abuse. Researcher at the SPI Research Institute, Berlin and board member of IREFREA Germany. Anna Kokkevi. Associate Professor in the Athens University Medical School (Department of Psychiatry), Greece. President of the Greek Organization Against Drugs (OKANA). Kristiina Kuussaari. Master of Social Sciences (sociology), researcher. Frank Leenders. Psychologist. He started working for the CVO – Addiction Research Centre in 1996 as a fieldworker. Researcher since 1999 specialized in youth subcultures and ethnic minorities. Fernando Mendes. Psychologist, President Irefrea Portugal, Vice-president of Instituto Portugués da Droga e da Toxicodependéncia. Joseph Simon. Doctor of Sociology, Diploma in Public Health, at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Centre Spécialisé de Soins aux Toxicomanes, and at the Centre de Recherche de Documentation et d'Intervention Transdisciplinaire sur les addictions, General Secretary of IREFREA and CREDIT. Maria Spyropoulou. Statistician in the Greek REITOX Focal Point, University Mental Health Research Institute (UMHRI). Patrizia Zavatti. Doctor of Medicine. Degree in Legal Medicine and Clinical Criminology. Doctorate in Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry from the University of Modena and Reggio Emilia. Goof van de Wijngaart. Is social scientist and professor at the Faculty of Social Sciences at Utrecht University since 1977. In 1984 he specialized on the subject drug use and addiction. In 1992 he founded the CVO – Addiction Research Centre, attached to Utrecht University. CVO is specialized in field research among hidden populations, national and international. Is the chairman of the board of CVO. NEITHER THE COMMISSION, NOR ANY PERSON ACTING IN ITS NAME, IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE USE THAT MIGHT BE MADE OF THE INFORMATION INCLUDED IN THIS DOCUMENT INDEX Pág. INTRODUCTION . 015 01. CREATION OF A LEISURE AND RECREATIONAL CULTURE IN EUROPE AND DRUG USE . 031 1.1. Presentation . 033 1.2. Free time and leisure time . 033 1.3. The influence of the industrial revolution . 035 1.4. The discovery of the sea and the beaches . 037 1.5. From leisure to the fiesta and from the fiesta to the disco. From an industrial society to a consumer society . 038 1.6. The search for pleasure . 043 1.7. The young of today . 045 02. USERS AND NON-USERS OF DRUGS IN THE WEEKEND NIGHTLIFE . 049 2.1. Introduction . 049 2.2. Personal characteristics . 054 2.3. Management of weekend recreational life . 059 2.4. Social and family enviroment . 065 2.5. Attitudes, risk perception and expectations relating to drugs . 071 2.6. Overall model and drug use prediction . 080 2.7. Conclusions . 083 03. “NON-USER” THE UNIDENTIFIED SUBJECT: SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS, FAMILY LIFE AND PEER GROUP . 085 3.1. Social characteristics . 085 3.2. Family life of non-users in comparison to users . 090 3.3. Peer group . 101 3.4. Conclusion . 122 04. USER AND NON USERS IN RELATION TO RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES . 125 4.1. Introduction . 125 4.2. Nightlife – Clubbing . 125 4.3. Reason for using drugs . 132 Pág. 05. HAVING FUN AND STAYING SOBER? . 135 5.1. Introduction . 135 5.2. The young european non-consumers . 135 5.3. Culture matters . ..