9rprir !( DTT`FFVGTVTU6DI67G@ 9@W@GPQH@IUQSPE@8U F`SB`aS@QV7GD8 697U6IP&!!'FBa Wyr$ `: V$1H J01`QJIVJ :C:J:$VIVJ C:J TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project Final Report Volume 5 – SEMP CURRENCY EQUIVALENT (as of 1 August 2009 ) Currency Unit – Som Som 1.00 = $0.0233 $1.00 = Som 43.00 ABBREVIATIONS AD : Anno Domini ADB : Asian Development Bank AIDS : Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome APT : Architectural and Planning Task asl : Above Sea Level ASSR : Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic BC : Before Christ BOD5 : 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand BRD : Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve Directorate CIS : Commonwealth of Independent States COD : Chemical Oxygen Demand DEP : Department of Environmental Protection EC : European Community EIA : Environmental Impact Assessment EMP : Environmental Management Plan ENE : East-Northeast EU : European Union FSU : Former Soviet Union GDP : Gross Domestic Product GIS : Geographical Information System GTZ : German Society on Technical Cooperation HIV : Human immunodeficiency virus IKNIDEP : Issy-Kul/Naryn Interregional Department of Environmental Protection JICA : Japan International Cooperation Agency kWh : Kilowatt hour LAS : Land Allocation Statement MW : Megawatt NAS : National Academy of Sciences OECD : Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development PEE : Public Ecological Expertise PPTA : Project Preparation Technical Assistance SAACM : State Agency on Architecture and Construction Management i TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project Final Report Volume 5 – SEMP SAEPF : Stage Agency for Environment Protection and Forestry SEE : State Ecological Expertise SEMP : Strategic Environmental Management Plan SER : State Environmental Review SSR : Soviet Socialist Republic TACIS : Technical Assistance for the Commonwealth of Independent States TB : Tuberculosis UK : United Kingdom UN : United Nations UNDP : United Nations Development Programme UNESCO : United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation UNICEF : United Nations Children Fund USA : United States of America USSR : Soviet Union WHO : World Health Organisation WTO : World Trade Organisation ii TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project Final Report Volume 5 – SEMP CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY viii I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Background 1 B. Rationale for this study 1 C. Scope of SEMP study 3 II. APPROACH 5 A. Collection of baseline data 5 B. Analysis of issues and impacts 6 C. Environmental Management Strategy 6 III. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 7 A. Legal Framework 7 1. Executive and legislative system 7 2. Governance 7 B. Environmental Policy and Law 8 1. Evolution of environmental policy and laws 8 2. Environmental law post-independence 9 C. Development Planning and Control 11 1. The Planning System 11 2. Environmental Assessment and Permitting 12 D. Environmental Management in the Issyk-Kul Basin 14 1. State Agency for Protection of the Environment and Forestry 14 2. Other agencies 16 IV. BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL CONDITIONS 18 A. Physical Resources 18 1. Geology and topography 18 2. Landscape 22 3. Soil 26 4. Climate 26 5. Air quality 29 6. Noise 30 7. Surface Water 30 8. Water Quality 35 9. Sediment Quality 37 10. Groundwater 37 11. Seismicity and other natural hazards 39 B. Ecological Resources 45 1. Biodiversity and habitats 45 2. Wildlife 49 3. Lake Issyk-Kul 50 4. Fisheries 52 5. Protected Areas 53 6. Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve 54 iii TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project Final Report Volume 5 – SEMP C. Economic development 58 1. Industry 58 2. Infrastructure 60 3. Transportation 64 4. Land use 68 5. Land ownership 68 6. Power sources and transmission 72 7. Agriculture 73 8. Tourism 76 D. Social and Cultural Resources 78 1. Population, communities and demography 78 2. Public Health 81 3. Education 82 4. Socio-economics 83 5. Archaeology and cultural heritage 84 6. Indigenous peoples and minority communities 89 V. STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 91 A. Key Issues 91 1. Environmental 91 2. Social 92 3. Legal and Institutional 93 B. Strategic Environmental Management Plan 94 1. Environmental Issues 103 2. Social Issues 103 3. Legal and Institutional Issues 104 VI. CONCLUSIONS 106 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY 108 iv TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project Final Report Volume 5 – SEMP TABLES Table III-1: Summary of the main current environmental laws in the Kyrgyz Republic...............10 Table III-2: Summary of the environmental permitting process..................................................13 Table IV-1: Air Quality recorded in Cholpon-Ata (Annual average, )g/m3)................................29 Table IV-2: Water use in the Issyk-Kul basin (million m3)..........................................................33 Table IV-3: Hydrological features of the main rivers of the Issyk-Kul basin................................35 Table IV-4: Predicted and permitted yields of the groundwater deposits in Issyk-Kul artesian basin.........................................................................................................................................38 Table IV-5: Hazards and their impacts in Issyk-Kul oblast, 2000-2008 ......................................43 Table IV-6: The fish fauna of Issyk-Kul Lake .............................................................................51 Table IV-7: Reported annual catches (metric tonnes) in Lake Issyk-Kul....................................53 Table IV-8: Protected areas within the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve ........................................57 Table IV-9: Industries in Issyk-Kul oblast (except mining) .........................................................60 Table IV-10: Status of electricity distribution infrastructure in Issyk-Kul oblast...........................72 Table IV-11: Percentage of households below the poverty level, 1996-2006.............................81 Table IV-12: Health indicators in the Kyrgyz Republic 1990-97 .................................................82 Table V-1: Strategic Environmental Management Plan for Issyk-Kul Basin...............................95 FIGURES Figure I-1: Location map of the study area................................................................................. 2 Figure III-1: Organisation structure of the State Agency for Protection of the Environment and Forestry.....................................................................................................................................15 Figure IV-1: Main physical features of the study area................................................................19 Figure IV-2: Topography and geology of the Issyk-Kul basin.....................................................20 Figure IV-3: Distribution of the main soil types in the study area ...............................................27 Figure IV-4: Climatic features of Issyk-Kul oblast, from meteorological station records: a) Przhevalsk (lake-side), 1930-80; b) Bolshaya Kyzylsuu (foothills), 1950-80; c) Koiliu (mountains), 1948-65................................................................................................................28 Figure IV-5: Bathymetry of Issyk-Kul Lake ................................................................................31 Figure IV-6: The rivers of Issyk-Kul basin..................................................................................32 Figure IV-7: Level of the surface of Issyk-Kul Lake, 1925 - 2004...............................................33 Figure IV-8: Locations of the main glaciers in the Kyrgyz Republic ...........................................34 Figure IV-9: Results of selected water quality parameters recorded in Issyk-Kul Lake (bottom) and inflowing rivers (top) in 2008 and 2009...............................................................................36 Figure IV-10: Areas of seismic risk in Issyk-Kul oblast ..............................................................40 Figure IV-11: Areas of avalanche risk in Issyk-Kul oblast ..........................................................41 Figure IV-12: Areas at risk of upland flooding and mud-flows in Issyk-Kul oblast ......................42 Figure IV-13: Land-use zones and other protected areas in the Issyk-Kul Biosphere Reserve..56 Figure IV-14: The main industries in the Issyk-Kul basin ...........................................................61 Figure IV-15: Transportation infrastructure in the Issyk-Kul basin .............................................66 Figure IV-16: Land use in the Issyk-Kul basin ...........................................................................69 Figure IV-17: Land ownership in the Issyk-Kul basin................................................................70 Figure IV-18: Agricultural Land use in Issyk Kul ........................................................................73 Figure IV-19: Existing and proposed tourism developments in the Issyk-Kul basin ...................77 Figure IV-20: Population distribution in the Issyk-Kul basin .......................................................79 v TA 7228-KGZ: Issyk-Kul Sustainable Development Project Final Report Volume 5 – SEMP PHOTOS Photo IV-1: Lake Issyk-Kul...................................................................................................... 21 Photo IV-2: Teskei Alatau mountains and foothills.................................................................. 21 Photo IV-3: View southwards in Karakol................................................................................