Security, at What Cost? Quantifying People’S Trade-Offs Across Liberty, Privacy and Security

Security, at What Cost? Quantifying People’S Trade-Offs Across Liberty, Privacy and Security

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This electronic representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for non-commercial use only. Unauthorized posting of RAND PDFs to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND PDFs are protected under copyright law. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of our research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please see RAND Permissions. This product is part of the RAND Corporation technical report series. Reports may include research findings on a specific topic that is limited in scope; present discus- sions of the methodology employed in research; provide literature reviews, survey instruments, modeling exercises, guidelines for practitioners and research profes- sionals, and supporting documentation; or deliver preliminary findings. All RAND reports undergo rigorous peer review to ensure that they meet high standards for re- search quality and objectivity. Security, At What Cost? Quantifying people’s trade-offs across liberty, privacy and security Neil Robinson, Dimitris Potoglou, Chong Woo Kim, Peter Burge, Richard Warnes Sponsored by the RAND Europe Board of Trustees EUROPE The research described in this report was sponsored by the RAND Europe Board of Trustees. The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit research organization providing objective analysis and effective solutions that address the challenges facing the public and private sectors around the world. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2010 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND Web site is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2010 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 Westbrook Centre, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 1YG, United Kingdom RAND URL: http://www.rand.org RAND Europe URL: http://www.rand.org/randeurope To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface The heightened security environment in the United Kingdom today is resplendent with examples of government policy that must strike a delicate balance between strengthening security without jeopardising public liberties and personal privacy. The introduction of national identity cards and biometric passports, the expansion of the national DNA database and cross-departmental sharing of personal data raise a number of privacy issues. Human rights may also be suspended by the exercise of stop-and-search powers by the police or detention of suspects prior to a trial. However, much of the current civil liberties versus security debate is adversarial and little robust research informs these arguments. This report outlines the results of a study that sought to understand objectively the real privacy, liberty and security trade-offs of individuals, so that policymakers can be better informed about individuals’ true preferences in this area, and the true nature of the balance between privacy and civil liberties may be understood. RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation which aims to improve policy and decision-making in the public interest, through research and analysis. RAND Europe’s clients include European governments, institutions, non-governmental organisations and firms with a need for rigorous, independent, multidisciplinary analysis. This study was conducted with internal investment from the RAND Corporation. This report has been peer reviewed in accordance with RAND’s quality assurance standards. For more information about RAND Europe or this document, please contact: Neil Robinson Dimitris Potoglou RAND Europe RAND Europe Westbrook Centre Westbrook Centre Milton Road Milton Road Cambridge CB4 1YG Cambridge CB4 1YG United Kingdom United Kingdom Tel. +44 1223 353329 Tel. +44 1223 353329 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] iii Contents Preface........................................................................................................................ iii Table of figures............................................................................................................ix Table of tables .............................................................................................................xi Summary.................................................................................................................. xiii Methodology..............................................................................................................xv Case studies......................................................................................................xv Conclusion ..............................................................................................................xviii Acknowledgements....................................................................................................xxi CHAPTER 1 Introduction.....................................................................................1 1.1 Individual rights and freedoms .......................................................................... 1 1.1.1 The case for reconciliation of these rights in favour of security............. 2 1.1.2 The case against reconciliation of these rights in favour of security ................................................................................................ 3 1.1.3 Examples where these factors affect each other ..................................... 4 1.1.4 Security versus privacy and liberty: the metaphor of balance? ............... 5 1.2 Policy challenges................................................................................................ 6 1.2.1 The process of assessing risk and balance of investment........................ 6 1.2.2 Challenges to these approaches ............................................................ 8 1.3 Existing literature on understanding behaviour, concerns and views in this field................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Use of stated preference methods..................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 2 Methodology..................................................................................15 2.1 Stated preference discrete choice experiments .................................................. 15 2.2 Literature review.............................................................................................. 17 2.2.1 Policy measures or interventions affecting liberty, privacy and security .............................................................................................. 17 2.2.2 Semi-structured interviews................................................................. 19 2.2.3 Constructing the utility framework.................................................... 19 2.2.4 Devising choice contexts.................................................................... 20 2.2.5 Identifying Attributes and Levels........................................................ 22 2.3 Case study 1: Applying for a passport .............................................................. 23 2.4 Case study 2: Travelling on the national rail network ...................................... 26 v Security: at what cost? RAND Europe 2.5 Case study 3: Attending a major public event .................................................. 29 2.6 Background questions...................................................................................... 31 CHAPTER 3 Descriptive analysis........................................................................ 33 3.1 Implementation of the survey and distribution of the sample........................... 33 3.2 Trading behaviour in stated preference choices ................................................ 34 3.3 Checking understanding of choices.................................................................. 35 CHAPTER 4 Modelling of the stated preference data.........................................

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