Public attitudes to science 2019 Main report BEIS Research Paper Number 2020/012 July 2020 Ministerial Foreword I am delighted to present Public Attitudes to Science 2019, the sixth in this series of studies. This survey will help us in understanding how the UK public feel about science, engineering and the new technologies that they increasingly encounter in their daily lives. As well as the main survey, the study uses additional research methods including online dialogues and social media analysis. All of this helps to build a clearer picture of how the public feels about science and engineering, and what they think about key topics like climate change, artificial intelligence and trust in scientific advice. These are crucial areas that will have a growing impact in the coming years. The knowledge we have gained from this research will also help inform the development of policy – both in Government and in scientific institutions across the UK – ensuring that the public’s views can be fed into decision making. If we are to achieve our ambition of increasing investment in Research and Development across the whole of the UK and making the UK a science superpower, we will need more people to take up careers in research, a private sector workforce with the skills and knowledge that meets the demands of the jobs of the future, and a public that feels they are proud to be part of this journey. It is already encouraging that the public is alive to the potential that science and engineering presents to the nation and have a positive view of scientists and engineers. We want to inspire more of our young people to study STEM subjects and to take up STEM careers, while also attracting, developing, and retaining talent from around the globe. Diversity will be at the heart of this, we know it will be particularly important to engage those groups that have been historically underrepresented in science and engineering. Everyone should have the opportunity to realise their potential, so they can break boundaries in research and realise long-lasting benefits to communities across the UK. We want to ensure that the public can understand and appreciate the huge benefits that researchers can bring to society. It is through studies like Public Attitudes to Science that we can begin to maintain and build that understanding, and help spread a simple message – science is for everyone. Amanda Solloway MP, Minister for Science, Research, and Innovation Acknowledgements Kantar would foremost likely to thank all members of the public who took part in the survey and in the online and face-to-face group discussions. We would like to thank Anthony Whitney, Michael Rignall, and Victoria Saul at the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) for their advice and support during the course of this project. We would also like to thank Dr Kevin Burchell who led on the literature review, and all members of the advisory group: Lesley Miles (Royal Society); Jon Fitzmaurice & Louis Stupple-Harris (British Science Association); Jen DeWitt (independent academic, affiliated to UCL); Jo Trigg (Royal Academy of Engineering); Ethan Greenwood & G Bladon (Wellcome); Lewis Dean (UKRI); Christopher Whitby (Railway museum); Penny Fidler (UK Association for Science and Discovery Centres). We would further like to thank Keith Bolling at Kantar for additional support on the report. Kantar authors: Alice Fitzpatrick, Becky Hamlyn, Sophia Jouahri, Sam Sullivan, Viv Young (survey findings); Amy Busby, Richard Matousek, Sheyi Ogunshakin, Nick Roberts, Mary Suffield, Lauren Wiginton (qualitative findings). © Crown copyright 2020 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected]. Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at: [email protected] Public attitudes to science 2019 Contents Executive Summary _________________________________________________________ 5 Introduction ______________________________________________________________ 17 1. Science capital index _____________________________________________________ 25 2. Awareness and knowledge about science _____________________________________ 28 Wave 1: Engaging the public with science _______________________________________ 41 3. Finding out about science _________________________________________________ 42 4. Trust in science reporting __________________________________________________ 50 Wave 1 Social Media Analysis: Attitudes to the veracity of information online ____________ 60 5. Science in people’s lives __________________________________________________ 61 6. Public involvement in science ______________________________________________ 73 7. Trust in scientists and the regulation and funding of science _______________________ 83 8. Perceived benefits and risks of developments in science _________________________ 94 9. Attitudes towards careers in science and engineering ___________________________ 105 10. Ageing Society ________________________________________________________ 115 11. Artificial intelligence, robots and data _______________________________________ 130 Wave 2: Drivers of levels of acceptability of the use of AI in healthcare _______________ 147 Wave 3: Perceptions and acceptability of use of robotics technology, with a focus on the care sector __________________________________________________________________ 148 Wave 2 Social Media Analysis: Public attitudes to the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare _______________________________________________________________________ 149 Wave 3 Social Media Analysis: Public attitudes to the use of robotics technology in the labour market _________________________________________________________________ 151 12. Genome Editing _______________________________________________________ 152 Wave 4: Public attitudes to the use of genome editing and other technological solutions to the issue of food security ______________________________________________________ 164 13. Micro-pollution and plastics ______________________________________________ 165 Wave 4 Social Media Analysis: Public attitudes to ocean plastic pollution ______________ 171 References ______________________________________________________________ 172 4 Public attitudes to science 2019 Executive Summary Background Public Attitudes to Science 2019 (PAS 2019) is the sixth survey in a series of studies tracking attitudes to science, scientists and science policy among the UK public. The study was conducted by Kantar, on behalf of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). Several strands of research were included: • A literature review conducted by Dr Kevin Burchell which comprised an independent review and synthesis of existing literature, primarily since 2010 (Burchell, 2019). • A face-to-face survey of 1,749 UK adults aged 16+ carried out in January-April 2019 using a random probability sampling approach. The survey comprised a core section of questions which have been tracked over time, and four topic-focussed modules: ageing society; AI, robots and data; genome editing; micro-pollution and plastics. • Four waves of online qualitative research using a deliberative digital dialogue process, and 16 face-to-face qualitative group discussions with digitally excluded participants, focussed on four science-related topics (trust in science; AI and healthcare; robotics in the care sector; genomics in food production). • Four waves of social listening, to track how four different science topics were discussed online over the last two years (veracity of online information; AI in healthcare; robots in the workplace; ocean plastic pollution). This report primarily provides commentary on the findings of the survey. The full set of publications can be found at Kantar.com/uk-public-attitudes-to-science. This summary first considers changes over time since the PAS 2014 survey, then provides a high-level summary of the 2019 findings by chapter, and finally discusses trends in relation to the variation in attitudes by demographic subgroups. How have public attitudes changed over time? On the whole, between 2014 and 2019, and in some cases over the longer term, people have become more positive in their attitudes towards science and scientists, although there are a few exceptions to this. In summary: There is a shift in how people access science information from print to online Although people still mainly rely on television for science information, there has been a considerable shift between 2014 and 2019 from print to online. In 2019 13% (down from 28%) found out about science from print newspapers, 28% (up from 15%) from online news websites, and 15% (up from 4%) from Facebook. Despite a backdrop of declining levels of trust in media reporting more generally people have become more trusting about science reporting 5 Public attitudes to science 2019 Despite wider evidence of declining levels of trust in the news over recent years, people are now more trusting in media reporting of science. Compared with 2014, fewer people in 2019 think that the media sensationalises science (from 71% to 61%) and that politicians are too easily influenced by