Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.29366/2018tlc.2.1.4 Volume 2 Issue 1, 2018 rudn.tlcjournal.org Free indirect speech as a means to introduce archaic style into the author’s narration: A Russian linguistics conservatives think. Chicago: University of Chicago Slavik (Ed.), Language and diplomacy (p. 153). Malta: Press. DiploProjects. perspective Li, G. (1995). A glossary of political terms of the People’s Shanghai Communiqué. (1972, February). Joint statement by Gayane Petrosyan Republic of China. Harvard University Press. following discussions Mendelson, E. (2002). The complete works of W. H. Auden with leaders of the People’s Republic of Gayane Petrosyan Stavropol State University [email protected] (Vol. 2). New Jersey: Princeton University Press. China. Office of the Historian. Retrieved from https:// Published in Training, Language and Culture Vol 2 Issue 1 (2018) pp. 67-82 doi: 10.29366/2018tlc.2.1.5 Pound, E. (1913). In a station of the metro. Poetry: A history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v17/ Recommended citation format: Petrosyan, G. (2018). Free indirect speech as a means to introduce archaic style Magazine of Verse, 2(1). d203 Scott, B. (2004). A clash of professional cultures: The David Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (1986). The social identity theory of into the author’s narration: A Russian linguistics perspective. Training, Language and Culture, 2(1), 67-82. doi: Kelly affair. In H. Slavik (Ed.), Intercultural intergroup behaviour. In S. Worchel, & W. G. Austin 10.29366/2018tlc.2.1.5 communication and diplomacy (pp. 279-305). Malta: (Eds.), Psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 7-24). DiploProjects. Chicago, IL: Nelson-Hall. The phenomenon of free indirect speech was intensively studied in the 20th century from two fundamentally different directions. Some scholars viewed it as a special syntactic or stylistic-syntactic structure in comparison with direct and Scott, N. (2001). Ambiguity versus precision: The changing Yip, W. (1997). Chinese poetry: An anthology of major modes reported speech. Others considered it more as a poetic-stylistic technique of characters’ speech reproduction in artistic role of terminology in conference diplomacy. In H. and genres. Durham, London: Duke University Press. works. The main aim of this research is to reveal the specific functions of free indirect speech in the genre of the historical novel and show their determining influence on the use of stylistic forms. The study shows that in the genre of historical novels the use of free indirect speech is represented in its small forms, in particular lexical, phraseological, phonetic and grammatical microforms, bearing the imprint of the living and documentary language of the epoch described. The paper also gives a detailed account of the studies concerned with aesthetic-stylistic approach to free indirect speech in Russian linguistics. KEYWORDS: historical novel, free indirect speech, reported speech, direct speech, archaism, poetic-stylistic device This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0) 1. INTRODUCTION using a third person narrative rather than direct The term archaism refers to words that are no speech. For example, instead of saying, Why am I longer in everyday use or have lost their particular feeling so tired? the author might write, He put meaning in current usage, but are sometimes used down his book and put his head in his hands. Why to impart an old-fashioned flavour to historical was he feeling so tired? novels, for example in standard conversation, or writing just for humorous effect. The study The main aim of the research is to reveal the considers archaisms in the author’s narration as a specific functions of free indirect speech in the form of free indirect speech helping us feel the genre of the historical novel and to show their historical period in which the main characters are determining influence on the use of stylistic forms situated. Free indirect speech is a linguistic and of the phenomenon being studied. The practical stylistic term used to indicate thoughts and feelings value of the article is determined by the fact that © Gayane Petrosyan 2018 66 Training, Language and Culture This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Training, Language and Culture 67 Training, Language and Culture doi: 10.29366/2018tlc.2.1.5 Free indirect speech as a means to introduce archaic style into the author’s narration: A Russian linguistics perspective Volume 2 Issue 1, 2018 rudn.tlcjournal.org by Gayane Petrosyan its theoretical speculations and the material character’s voice. The scholars paid less attention ‘Free indirect speech as a In free indirect speech both the author and the studied can be used in university and school to the lexical and phraseological microforms of general language category is a character speak simultaneously, and in doing so teaching of the Russian language, in stylistics, in free indirect speech, but rather focused on widespread way of conveying appear to cross voices. This point of view is the linguistic analysis of literary texts, in special individual words representing the expression of supported by researchers of the Vossler School. In courses and special seminars on the language of someone else’s utterances, reflecting the point of someone else’s utterances in modern research, free indirect speech is divided literary texts and journalism. view of a particular character, and attributed to different communications’ according to McArthur et al. (2005) into four types free indirect speech. of represented discourse: direct speech, indirect 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS approaches, researchers do not treat it as a general speech, free direct speech and free indirect 2.1 Free indirect speech as a linguistic problem To understand the essence of free indirect speech, language category or study its use in other speech speech. His research indicates that the major The aesthetic-stylistic approach to free indirect scholars studying the syntactic and poetic-stylistic aspects, outside the language of fiction. Free markers of direct speech (DS) are the exact words speech in Russian linguistics was significantly fields investigated this phenomenon and focused indirect speech as a general language category is a in the report and the quotation marks in writing influenced by Academician Vinogradov’s mainly on fiction. This was largely due to the widespread way of conveying someone else’s and print. Indirect speech (IS) conveys the report monographs. Following Vinogradov, many other growing conviction that free indirect speech is a utterances in different communications. But unlike in the words of the reporter, with verbs generally scholars considered free indirect speech as a specific phenomenon of artistic speech (Leskiv, direct and reported speech, free indirect speech is ‘backshifted’ in tense and changes in pronouns poetic-stylistic method of artistic speech in their 2009). However, free indirect speech is a popular characterised by its syntactic non-standard nature, and adverbials of time and place made to align publications. From the artistic and aesthetic point device not only in fiction and journalism, but also structural dynamism, multifacetedness, the ability with the time of reporting. Free direct speech lacks of view, free indirect speech was considered much in other styles of language, including various non- to reproduce not only the syntactic structures of a reporting clause to show the shift from narration broader, and its lexical, phraseological, and fiction genres, though its forms are different. Most someone else’s utterance, but also individual to reporting; it is often used in fiction to represent phonetic microforms were distinguished as its vividly, it is represented in fiction and journalism words and expressions containing the semantics the mental reactions of characters to what they see particular varieties. Although scholars did not deny and embraces large fragments and independent and expression of someone else’s utterance, in the or experience (Blakemore, 2013). Free indirect the grammatical features of free indirect speech syntactic structures. However, its small forms, speech of the speaker or writer (Banfield, 1973). speech (FIS) resembles indirect speech in terms of and the existence of its particular syntactic especially lexical-phraseological microforms are tense shifts and other aspects, but there is structure, they tended to focus on the combination present in all styles of Russian language usage, Studies of free indirect speech in foreign research generally no reporting clause and it retains some of various forms of free indirect speech and the business, scientific and colloquial. Obviously, free in the late 19th and 20th centuries included two features of direct speech (such as direct questions author’s objectified narrative aspect with the indirect speech should be studied both as a poetic- main points. The first of these is that free indirect and the use of the vocative). appraisal of the characteristic expressiveness of stylistic device of artistic speech, since it is widely speech is an intermediate phenomenon between characters in the text. Scholars identified large used in fiction to reproduce the characters’ speech direct and indirect speech, and free indirect The main attribute of free indirect speech, which is blocks of free indirect speech, which are in the author’s text, and as a syntactic structure, speech is viewed mainly from the formal side as a inherent in all its various forms, is the semantics syntactically pronounced and are clearly since its most vivid, large-block forms have a specific syntactic construction in the language. and expression of someone else’s utterance, distinguished against the background of the definite syntactic design that distinguishes it from This position is mainly supported by researchers of contrasted with the speech of the reproducing author’s objective text due to their personalised reported and direct speech (McHale, 1978).