federico giusfredi A Study giusfredi in the Syntax of the Luwian giusfredi A Study in the Syntax of the Luwian Language Language THeth he Ancient Anatolian corpora represent the ear- 30 liest documented examples of the Indo-European languages. In this book, an analysis of the syntactic of A Study structure of the Luwian phrases, clauses, and sen- the tences is attempted, basing on a phrase-structural approach that entails a mild application of the the- Luwian in oretical framework of generative grammar. While the obvious limits exist as regards the use of theory-driv- Language en models to the study and description of ancient Syntax corpus-languages, this book aims at demonstrating and illustrating the main configurational features of the Luwian syntax. Universitätsverlag winter Heidelberg texte der hethiter Philologische und historische Studien zur Altanatolistik Begründet von Annelies Kammenhuber † Weitergeführt von Gernot Wilhelm Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer Neu herausgegeben von Paola Cotticelli-Kurras Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Stefano De Martino (Turin) Mauro Giorgeri (Pavia) Federico Giusfredi (Verona) Susanne Heinhold-Krahmer (Feldkirchen) Theo van den Hout (Chicago) Annick Payne (Bern) Alfredo Rizza (Verona) Heft 30 federico giusfredi A Study in the Syntax of the Luwian Language Universitätsverlag winter Heidelberg This book contains the results of the project sluw, that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement no. 655954 Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Dossenheimer Landstraße 13 d-69121 Heidelberg www.winter-verlag.de text: © Federico Giusfredi 2020 gesamtherstellung: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH, Heidelberg isbn (Print): 978-3-8253-4725-3 isbn (oa): 978-3-8253-7953-7 doi: https://doi.org/10.33675/2020-82537953 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial – No Derivatives 4.0 International License. Table of contents Preface 9 Abbreviations for morphosyntactic and part-of-speech glossing 11 Chapter 1 - Luwian and the Anatolian Languages 13 §1. Luwian and the Luwians: a short overview 13 §2. Indo-European, Anatolian and the “Luwic” languages 17 §2.1. Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Anatolian 17 §2.2. The Anatolian group 18 §2.3. The internal filiation of Luwian 20 §3. The scripts and the corpus 22 §3.1. The Anatolian cuneiform script and Luwian 23 §3.2 .The Anatolian hieroglyphs 24 §3.3. The graphemic suboptimality of the hieroglyphic script 26 §3.4. The scripts and the corpus 27 §3.5. Transcriptions and conventions 30 §4. Brief overview of Luwian grammar 32 §4.1. Phonology 32 §4.2. Morphology 36 §4.3. Elements of Luwian morphosyntax 47 §4.4. Elements of the Anatolian and Luwian clause structure 56 §4.5. Concluding remark 59 Chapter 2 - The Luwian Nominals: Nouns and Modifiers 61 §1. A labelling issue: noun phrase (NP) or determiner phrase (DP)? 61 §2. Previous studies on the Luwian noun phrase 63 §3. Non-relational attributive adjectives and participles 65 §3.1. Prenominal attributive participles and adjectives 66 §3.2. Postnominal adjectives and participles 70 §4. Relational modifiers 75 §4.1. The Luwian relational modifiers 76 §4.2. The position of relational modifiers 77 §4.3. The problem of possessive-determination 79 §5. Demonstratives and indefinites 80 §6. Appositions 84 §7. Quantifiers and numerals 85 §8. Coordination of nominals 88 5 §9. The hierarchic and informational structure of the Luwian DP/NP 91 Chapter 3 - The Luwian Pronouns 99 §1. The pronominal system 99 §2. The personal pronouns 100 §2.1. Orthotonic pronouns 101 §2.2. Clitic pronominal arguments and cliticization constraints 103 §2.3. Clitic pronouns and “external possession” 106 §2.4. The so-called dative-reflexive clitic pronouns 109 §3. Demonstrative pronouns 112 §4. Indefinites and relatives 113 §4.1. Pronominally used indefinites 113 §4.2. Relative pronouns 114 Chapter 4 - The Luwian Verbal and Inflected Phrases 117 §1. The core-clause: IP and VP layers 117 §1.1. Subject and predicate 118 §1.2. External argument in Anatolian 119 §2. The main elements inside the Luwian vP/VP 121 §2.1. Verb, core-arguments and VP-level adverbials 121 §2.2. Dative and ablative/instrumental DP/NPs 126 §2.3. Post-positional phrases 128 §3. Elements of the IP-layer 129 §3.1. Raised arguments and negation 130 §3.2. Sentence-level adverbials 130 §4. “To be” and copular clauses 131 §4.1. Patterns of copular clauses 132 §4.2. Copular clauses and predicative verbal nouns 134 §4.3. as- with participle: periphrastic verbal forms or copular clauses? 136 Chapter 5 - The Luwian Sentence: Periphery and Core 139 §1. Defining “sentence” 139 §2. “Connectives” in the leftmost slot 141 §3. The clitic chain 145 §3.1. Overview 145 §3.2. Configuration 148 §3.3. Redundancy, reduplication and doubling 151 §3.4. Correlation between cliticization and informational markedness 157 §3.5. Position of the sentential clitics and origin of extraction 158 §4. Periphery and clause 159 §4.1. Elements of the periphery 160 §4.2. Topic and focus and the peripheral categories 161 §4.3. The apparent problem of multiple foci 164 6 §4.4. The left-peripheral area 164 Chapter 6 - Sentence coordination, subordination and restructuring. 173 §1. Coordination and discourse 173 §1.1. Anatolian clause-initial clitic markers of contrastivity and additivity 173 §1.2. The status of the Luwian orthotonic initial pa- 175 §1.3. Disjunction of clauses 176 §2. Finite subordination 177 §2.1. Embedding and clause-level adjunction 178 §2.2. Finite argument clauses in Hittite and Luwian 181 §2.3. Finite relative clauses in Luwian 182 §2.4. Adverbial clauses in Luwian 187 §3. Non-finite subordination and restructuring 191 §3.1. The Luwian participle as a non-finite subordinate clause 191 §3.2. Infinitive and restructuring in Luwian 192 §4. Summary: coordination and subordination in Luwian 196 Conclusions 197 References 201 Index 221 List of Figures (excluding the occasional syntactic trees) Figure 1: Geography of the Anatolian area from the end of the third millennium to the second millennium BCE, from Melchert, 2003, Map 2. 14 Figure 2: The relationship of Proto-Anatolian to Proto-Indo-European according to a traditional representation and to the Indo-Hittite hypothesis 18 Figure 3: The internal filiation of Anatolian according the Luvo-Palaic hypothesis 19 Figure 4: The varities of Luwian according to Yakubovich 2010. 20 Figure 5: Karkemiš A11 §14, detail 77 List of Tables Table 1: The main types of texts matched against the two Luwian writing systems 27f. Table 2: The conventional Luwian consonantal system used in this book 33 Table 3: The 'conventional' Luwian vowel system 34 Table 4: The Luwian nominal paradigm 38 Table 5: The inflection of pronouns 41f. 7 Table 6: The orthotonic personal pronouns of Luwian 43 Table 7: The clitic personal pronouns of Luwian 42f. Table 8: The indicative verbal endings of Luwian 44 Table 9: The imperative verbal endings of Luwian 44f. Table 10: meaning of the Luwian “all”-words 88 Table 11: Positional patterns of the Luwian pronouns 99 Table 12: Constraints to cliticization of arguments 104 Table 13: The Luwian clitic elements 146 Table 14: The configuration of the Luwian clitic elements 148 Table 15: The Luwian and Hittite clitic positions 151 8 Preface This book contains the results of the project SLUW, that received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 655954. The project was carried out at the University of Verona between June 2015 and May 2017 and consisted in the study of the syntactic structures and patterns attested in the corpora of Cuneiform and Hieroglyphic Luwian. Further information and materials can be found at http://luwiansyntax.info. I wish to express my gratitude to the European Union for financing this research, and to the University of Verona, Dept. of Cultures and Civilizations, for hosting it. So much for the institutions. Let us move on to people. As an orientalist occasionally dealing with a linguistic topic, it would have been impossible for me to complete this work without the help and advice of linguists. The scientific supervisor of the project, Paola Cotticelli- Kurras, deserves to be mentioned first, not just for her painstaking mentoring and assistence, but also for her unvaluable friendship: a Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship is also about learning and training, and thanks to her I learned more than I could have hoped for. I am also indebted to Giorgio Graffi and Alfredo Rizza, who took the time to discuss with me several aspects of the data I collected and of the analyses I produced. I thank Michael Frotscher, Roberta Meneghel and Stella Merlin for discussing with me many linguistic and metalinguistic issues, and Chiara Melloni for her bibliographic suggestions. Outside of the Verona Department, I am grateful to Mauro Giorgieri, Mattyas Huggard, Clelia Mora, Elisabeth Rieken, Andrej Sideltsev, Ilya Yakubovich: all of them I bothered with scientific questions or requests of otherwise unavailable bibliographic materials. Craig Melchert deserves a special mention, for the extensive comments and suggestions he offered me after reading the first complete version of this monograph in December 2017: without his help, the publication of 9 this work would not have been possible. I am also grateful to Zsolt Simon, who read and commented a more advanced version of the drafts, providing me with comments and advice, to Valerio Pisaniello,