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The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. 1 POPs IN LATIN AMERICA A review of persistent organic pollutant levels in Latin America Authors: Michelle Allsopp* and Bea Erry *Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road Exeter EX4 4PS UK www.greenpeace.org October 2000 Special thanks are due to Marcelo Furtado and Wytze van der Naald of Greenpeace International, David Santillo of Greenpeace Research Laboratories, UK, and Karen Suassuna and Cristina Bonfiglioli of Greenpeace Brazil for reviewing the draft text of the report. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................14 1.1 The Chemicals of Concern..................................................................................15 2 GLOBAL POLLUTION AND TRANSPORT OF POPS .................................18 2.1 Fate of POPs in Tropical Ecosystems.................................................................19 2.2 Time Trends of POPs Levels in the Global Environment ..................................19 3 POPS IN LATIN AMERICA...............................................................................22 4 COASTAL ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................24 4.1 Coastal lagoons, water and sediments ................................................................25 4.1.1 Mexico: .......................................................................................................25 4.1.1.1 DDT ........................................................................................................26 4.1.1.2 Other Organochlorine Pesticides ............................................................27 4.1.1.3 PCBs .......................................................................................................33 4.1.2 Gulf of Mexico............................................................................................33 4.1.2.1 DDT ........................................................................................................34 4.1.2.2 Other Organochlorine Pesticides ............................................................34 4.1.2.3 PCBs .......................................................................................................34 4.1.3 Nicaragua ....................................................................................................34 4.1.3.1 DDT ........................................................................................................34 4.1.3.2 Other Organochlorine Pesticides ............................................................35 4.1.4 El Salvador..................................................................................................35 4.1.4.1 DDTs.......................................................................................................35 4.1.4.2 PCBs .......................................................................................................35 4.1.5 Brazil...........................................................................................................35 4.1.5.1 DDT ........................................................................................................36 4.1.5.2 Organochlorine Pesticides ......................................................................36 4.2 Coastal Biota.......................................................................................................36 4.2.1 Mexico ........................................................................................................37 4.2.1.1 DDTs...................................................37Error! Bookmark not defined. 4.2.1.2 Other Organochlorine Pesticides ............................................................37 4.2.1.3 PCBs .......................................................................................................44 4.2.2 Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea.......................................................44 4.2.2.1 DDT ........................................................................................................45 4.2.2.2 Organochlorine Pesticides ......................................................................45 4.2.2.3 PCBs .......................................................................................................46 4.2.2.4 Organotin Compounds............................................................................46 4.2.3 Honduras .....................................................................................................46 4.2.3.1 DDT ........................................................................................................47 4.2.3.2 Organochlorine Pesticides ......................................................................47 4.2.4 Nicaragua: ...................................................................................................47 4.2.4.1 DDT ........................................................................................................47 4.2.5 Venezuela....................................................................................................47 4.2.5.1 DDT ........................................................................................................47 3 4.2.5.2 Other Organochlorine Pesticides ............................................................48 4.2.5.3 PCBs .......................................................................................................48 4.2.6 El Salvador..................................................................................................48 4.2.6.1 DDT ........................................................................................................48 4.2.6.2 Organochlorine Pesticides ......................................................................48 4.2.6.3 PCBs .......................................................................................................48 4.2.7 Brazil...........................................................................................................48 4.2.7.1 DDT ........................................................................................................48 4.2.7.2 Other Organochlorine pesticides.............................................................49 4.2.8 Argentina.....................................................................................................49 4.2.8.1 DDT ........................................................................................................49 4.2.8.2 Other Organochlorine Pesticides ............................................................49 4.2.8.3 PCBs .......................................................................................................50 4.2.9 Remainder of Latin America.......................................................................50 4.2.9.1 DDT ........................................................................................................50 4.2.9.2 Organotin compounds.............................................................................50 4.2.9.3 PCBs .......................................................................................................50 5 MARINE ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................51 5.1 Air .......................................................................................................................51 5.1.1 DDT ............................................................................................................51 5.1.2 Other Organochlorine Pesticides ................................................................51 5.2 Seawater..............................................................................................................51 5.2.1 DDT ............................................................................................................52 5.2.2 Other Organochlorine Pesticides ................................................................52 5.2.3 PCBs ...........................................................................................................53 5.3 Marine Biota .......................................................................................................53 5.3.1 Fish and shellfish ........................................................................................53 5.3.1.1 DDT ........................................................................................................53 5.3.1.2 PCBs .......................................................................................................53 5.3.1.3 Organotin compounds.............................................................................53 5.3.2 Marine Mammals ........................................................................................54 5.3.2.1 DDT ........................................................................................................54 5.3.2.2 Organochlorine Pesticides ......................................................................56 5.3.2.3 PCBs, Dioxins and Brominated Flame Retardants .................................56