Aleksandre Gabisonia Formation of the Georgian National Discourse Introduction This article will discuss the formation of nationalism in Georgia. Even though national aspirations were somewhat present in medieval Georgia, at least among the ruling elite, the paper will not examine the medieval period. The year 1918 when Georgia achieved political independence and preceding events served as the turning point. The paper will consider the main social institutions, political trends, elite strategies and social reactions in the nation- alism discourse of the period. Georgian independence declared on May 26, 1918 was short lived — it was lost in 1921 when the Bolshevik army invaded Georgia. The three years of independence and earlier events are very important to look at. The libera- tion movement of this period was the first expression of Georgian national- ism. Leader of the movement, Ilia Chavchavadze (1837-1907) — who also was the publisher and owner of the first Georgian newspaper and the national bank — is considered the father of Georgian nation and was canonized by the Georgian Church. His famous trinity “Language, Fatherland, Faith” served as the basis of independent Georgian state and remains the cornerstone of Georgian identity. The main social institutions of the period were printed media, educational system, banking sector, folklore and museum. With these social tools the elite wanted to introduced national awakening among Geor- gian population and subsequently achieve cultural and political autonomy from the Russian Empire. Despite obvious emphasis on faith and language, nationalism dis- course of this period can be regarded as civic rather than ethnic. This can be argued based on the policy towards Muslim minorities, strong efforts to reach social equality through anti-feudal policy, permanent financial sup- port for local peasants from the national bank and Western orientation of the leaders of liberation movement — it is well-known that Chavchavadze and his companions were heavily influenced by liberation movements in It- aly and Ireland. 66 Formation of the Georgian National Discourse Georgia in the Late 19th Century and the First Independence Before describing historical events in Georgia and analyzing them the- oretically, it will be useful to sketch some general ideas about this period. Na- tional consciousness, and consequently the first Georgian Republic, first ap- peared at the turn of the 20th century. In modern Western terms this implies a democratic republic, free from a feudal system and religious legitimation of rulers. Many constructivists argue that the concept of a modern state was created after the French Revolution of 1789 (Gellner 1983, Anderson 1991, Hobsbawm 1991)1. Appearance of national consciousness is an artificial phe- nomenon and is based on several social trends — development of household, publishing houses (printed media), creation of universal and mandatory edu- cational system based on national language. Dissolution of the feudal system and establishment of social equality are indispensable to national conscious- ness. A national language is artificially created and institutionalized by a small group of individuals. The newborn national consciousness requires a “new- old history”, which is recreated. Any liberation movement is not a common mass movement initially and does not have wide support. It is in the hands of small intellectual elite who will come to power if successful. This elite group makes political decisions, which affect the social life of common people. Na- tional consciousness is spread through masses and liberation movements gain more power. The Beginnings — Western Influence To trace the path to Georgia’s first independence it is vital to describe and analyze the liberation movement of the early 20th century and the dispo- sition of intellectual elites of the time, especially activities of Ilia Chavcha- vadze. This person played the most significant role in the struggle for inde- pendence and therefore, it is important to focus on his socio-political life. Ac- cording to constructivists, modern nation-states and nationalism as an ideol- ogy and social movement have its origins in Western Europe, namely France and England. Anderson ascribes this phenomenon to the decline of religious society, development of print capitalism and the Enlightenment2. According to Gellner the main trigger for this transformation was in- dustrialization and modernization3. The western model of self-determination and the strategy of liberation movement were spread from these regions to other parts of the world. Even anti-colonial liberation movements in Africa 67 Aleksandre Gabisonia and East Asia followed this pattern, as it provided efficient means to incite the masses. Therefore, it is not surprising that Western education was a cru- cial move for resistance groups in Georgia. It is not an overestimation to say that Chavchavadze and his compan- ions were heavily influenced by their studies at St. Petersburg University. At the time, the University was the best place to gain Western education with- out knowing European languages. Besides acquiring theoretical knowledge of world history, state law, social law, economy, political economy, French and German languages, Chavchavadze and his team members had their first experience in the struggle for national values, namely for the Georgian lan- guage. Georgian students demanded to establish Georgian as the language for the country’s internal affairs. In March 1881 Chavchavadze wrote that “it is necessary to introduce judicial changes in regard to the national language. Na- tionality, as well as religious belonging, is a personal matter. It is easier to teach the language of people to several officials than to force the whole nation to learn a foreign one” 4. According to Hobsbawm, definition of national language and its establishment for official usage are necessary conditions for becoming a nation-state5. The second half of the 19th century was the period of national unrest in many regions of Europe. Students in St. Petersburg closely observed these developments: the Irish people’s struggle for independence from Britain, na- tional riots against the Habsburg Empire in Hungary, the Italian revolu- tionary movement led by Giuseppe Garibaldi. These socio-political events inspired the future leaders of Georgian liberation movement. A poem by Chavchavadze written in 1860 is dedicated to the Italian liberation move- ment and hopes for similar course of events in Georgia: “I hear the long wished voice of people Crushing the chains of obedience, Voice of truth is heard over the world To defeat the slavery. This voice encourages me And evokes hope… Dear Lord, I am begging you Make this voice sound in my fatherland too!!!”6 He also dedicated many poems and publications to other liberation movements and political processes in Western Europe. Moreover, he wanted to join Garibaldi’s army as a volunteer. From these chronicles it is evident that in its formative period Georgian elite was heavily influenced by Western liberators. After their return from Russia, Chavchavadze and his team started acting immediately. To explain the motivation of national movements in mul- 68 Formation of the Georgian National Discourse tiethnic empires, it is helpful to refer to Gellner’s hypothetical Megalomanian Empire and its periphery region Ruritania7. Ruritanian population, primarily made up from the proletariat and illiterate lower classes, is oppressed and pas- sive under the Megalomanian government. Ruritanian peasants speak mutu- ally more or less comprehensible kindred dialects, their habits and lifestyle are also similar, making up a close to harmonious society inside the empire. Ruritanian language does not exist; there are only dialects, which could po- tentially become a single language. The dialects are spoken only by the lower strata since aristocracy and nobility speak the official language of Megalo- mania, which is completely different from local dialects and used for official purposes in Ruritania. At the onset of industrialization the small elite of Ru- ritanian intellectuals educated in Megalomania have better qualifications and skills than their countrymen. However, they cannot compete with the center and have better prospects in independent Ruritania. The establishment of in- dependent Ruritanian Republic requires many efforts. The first priority is to equip the masses with national consciousness. The national movement is led by the intellectual elite. It is also evident, however, that mass support of the proletariat is essential — Gellner is referring to peasants living in cities and slums, away from their place of birth8. Development of nationalism in Geor- gia closely resembles Gellner’s model — a group of young people travelled to the centre of the Russian Empire, were introduced to the Western world and were inspired by the ideas of liberation. After returning to peripheral Georgia they formed intellectual elite, which was later transformed into governmental elite and initiated a Georgian liberation movement. Chavchavadze returned to Georgia after the completion of his studies in 1861. During his journey back, he wrote one of his greatest masterpiec- es, The Travelers’ Diaries, where he outlines the importance of nation-build- ing. After the return from St. Petersburg, which clearly was the educational centre of the Russian Empire, Chavchavadze and his companions started to create an effective strategy for establishing national consciousness among