A Modest Plant, Easily Crushed Radio Drama in Blin, Eritrea JANE PLASTOW HE RESEARCH FOR THIS ARTICLE was carried out in September 2008 with the support of radio broadcasters involved in the then two local- T language radio service providers in Eritrea, Radio Bana (Light), run under the auspices of the Ministry of Education, and Dimtsi Hafash (The Voice of the Masses), the service which had been set up as a guerrilla station during the liberation warͳ of 1962–91 but which has now become the voice of government. At the time of the research, Dimtsi Hafash was broadcasting in all nine of Eritrea’sʹ constituent languages and in English. Radio Bana was working in five Eritrean languages and English. In February 2009, govern- ment agents moved in on Radio Bana, temporarily arrested all fifty staff asso- ciated with the station, and subsequently imprisoned a number of journalists who are still in jail, being held without trial. The work I discuss is therefore not continuing. ͵ 1 My thanks to Hamde Kiflemariam of Radio Bana and Eyob Tesfahans of Dimtsi Hafash, my main facilitators in gathering information for this article. Views deriving from the information gained are my own and not the responsibility of any informant. 2 Eritrea fought a thirty-year war of liberation against Ethiopia, 1962–91, which it eventually won under the leadership of the Eritrea People’s Liberation Front (EPLF ). This movement has subsequently transformed itself into a ruling party, The People’s Front for Democracy and Justice (PFDJ ) under the dictatorial leadership of President Issias Afeworki. No political opposition is tolerated. 3 For information on repression of the Eritrean press, see Reporters without Borders, http://en.rsf.org/ (accessed 16 January 2013). See also Eoin Koepfinger, “Eritrea: Over a Decade of Media Persecution,” Sampsonia Way (17 February 2012), 1, http://www .sampsoniaway.org/blog/2012/02/17/eritrea-over-a-decade-of-media-persecution/ (ac- 90 JANE PLASTOW a In a small country, the Blin people are a very small group. Estimates vary, but it is thought that around 60,000 to 100,000 people self-identify as Blin and use Blin as their mother tongue, and that they make up just over 2% of the national population. The language is an ancient one of a group known as Central Cushitic or Agaw, and associated with some of the very oldest group- ings of peoples in northern Ethiopia. The Blin are the only speakers of an Agaw language in Eritrea. They are a people divided by religion, some Mus- lim and some Christian – both Orthodox and Catholic. They are also divided geographically, with villages scattered either side of the capital of Asmara, though they centre on the second city of Keren, in Anseba region. A key pro- mise of the bitter liberation struggle against Ethiopian imperialism, which had included the imposition of the Ethiopian language of Amharic as the language of government and education, was that all Eritrean cultures would be hon- oured after independence. Eritreans had hated the imposition of Amharic in much the same way as black people resented state attempts to impose Afri- kaans as the language of education and bureaucracy under South African apartheid. So, after 1991, the Eritrean state set about establishing education and media outlets in all nine of the nation’s languages, with the addition of English as the international language and the medium of instruction in senior education. In the case of Blin, this meant first establishing an orthography. For most of its speakers, Blin was a purely oral language, but it had been rendered, often by Christian priests, into a variety of written forms. Now the state Blin panel had to decide whether to use Latin, Arabic or script derived from Ge’ez to produce a complete range of schoolbooks. Many Blin people wantedͶ the Ge’ez form because this liturgical language of the Eritrean Ortho- dox Church is seen as inherently spiritual. Moreover, if Blin people could write, it was likely to be in the dominant language of the Eritrean highlands, Tigrinya, which stems from Ge’ez in much the same way as the Romance languages of French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Italian all derive from Latin. Arabic was favoured by Muslim Blin for parallel reasons. However, the final decision was made in favour of the Latin form, largely because it was thought cessed 16 January 2013). 4 Ge’ez is the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. It is a Semitic language and the root of widespread vernaculars in the region such as Amharic, Tigri- nya, and Tigre, but ceased to be spoken outside of church use around the 4th century CE..