Iran’s American and Other Western Hostages August 2021 11 Table of Contents Background ................................................................................................................................................... 4 American Hostages ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Baquer Namazi ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Emad Shargi .......................................................................................................................................... 7 Karan Vafadari and Afarin Niasari ..................................................................................................... 10 Morad Tahbaz ..................................................................................................................................... 13 Siamak Namazi ................................................................................................................................... 16 Other Western Hostages ............................................................................................................................ 18 Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani ................................................................................................................ 18 Ahmadreza Djalali .............................................................................................................................. 19 Anousheh Ashoori .............................................................................................................................. 24 Benjamin Brière .................................................................................................................................. 26 Fariba Adelkhah .................................................................................................................................. 28 Jamshid Sharmahd ............................................................................................................................. 32 Kamran Ghaderi ................................................................................................................................. 36 Massud Mossaheb .............................................................................................................................. 38 Meimanat Hosseini-Chavoshi ............................................................................................................ 41 Mehran Raoof ..................................................................................................................................... 43 Nahid Taghavi ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe ................................................................................................................... 47 Shahram Shirkhani ............................................................................................................................. 55 Recently Released or Escaped .................................................................................................................... 56 Gholamreza (Reza) “Robin” Shahini .................................................................................................. 56 Jolie King and Mark Firkin .................................................................................................................. 59 Kamal Foroughi ................................................................................................................................... 60 Kameel Ahmady ................................................................................................................................. 62 Kylie Moore-Gilbert ............................................................................................................................ 64 Michael White .................................................................................................................................... 68 Nizar Zakka ......................................................................................................................................... 72 Roland Marchal .................................................................................................................................. 75 Sabri Hassanpour ................................................................................................................................ 80 Saeed Malekpour ............................................................................................................................... 81 Xiyue Wang ......................................................................................................................................... 84 Executed or Otherwise Died in Captivity .................................................................................................... 87 Robert Levinson .................................................................................................................................. 87 Ruhollah Zam ...................................................................................................................................... 90 3 Background More than 40 years after the start of the Iran hostage crisis, Iran continues to take Americans and other Westerners hostage, particularly persons who also hold Iranian citizenship. The Iranian regime currently holds several known American and European citizens, residents, and asylees on trumped-up charges. Iran takes hostages for several reasons. They serve as bargaining chips for the regime to extract geopolitical concessions from other countries. The government also seeks to punish undesirable behavior and send a message to Iranians to refrain from internal dissent. Finally, Iran does not recognize dual citizenship, so by targeting dual nationals, the regime demonstrates to the Iranian expatriate community that they are not beyond Tehran’s grasp. Some hostages’ names have been made public by their loved ones in order to build international pressure on Iran to free them. Families of other captives have chosen to keep their cases secret in the hope of quietly obtaining their release. Here, UANI profiles current publicly disclosed hostages—as well as several recently released ones and two who were executed or otherwise died in captivity—to spotlight both their plight and the criminal nature of the regime in Tehran. 4 American Hostages Baquer Namazi Iranian-American Former Senior U.N. Official, Father of Hostage Siamak Namazi Biography Iranian-American Baquer Namazi, born in 1936, worked in several significant Iranian government positions under the Shah, including as a provincial governor. He also worked as a UNICEF representative in several countries, including Kenya, Somalia, and Egypt. Baquer most recently ran Hamyaran, an umbrella organization of Iranian NGOs. Arrest On February 22, 2016, Baquer was arrested after arriving in Iran to visit his son, Siamak, whom the Iranian regime held and continues to hold hostage. Security forces detained Baquer at Tehran’s Imam Khomeini airport at night as he returned home to Iran from Dubai, where he had gone for a medical check-up and visited his grandchildren. According to a report by news agency Fars, which is affiliated with Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), Namazi was arrested in order “to uncover the complex layers of vast financial and intelligence corruption by a network that is associated to the UK and America.” The report also accuses Baquer of training his son Siamak in “espionage and infiltration and subversion operations.” A state-run television news program called Baquer an “agent of the Pahlavi regime [the former Iranian monarchy]” and said that ever since he came to Iran in 2002, Baquer has worked with foreign political figures and groups to create a “network that would implement the ambitions of Western spy agencies and anti-revolutionary lobbies.” After Baquer’s arrest, his wife, Effie Namazi, posted on Facebook, “Now both my innocent son Siamak and my Baquer are in prison for no reason.” Treatment in Captivity The authorities threw Baquer into Tehran’s notoriously brutal Evin Prison, where he was denied access to their family’s lawyer and spent long periods in solitary confinement. 5 According to his wife, Baquer has a severe heart condition and a host of other serious medical problems that require treatment, including epilepsy and severe blockages in the major arteries to his brain. According to Baquer’s son, Babak, his father has lost about 25 pounds during his time behind bars. According to the New York Times, Baquer was hospitalized four times between January 2017 and January 2018. He also underwent triple bypass surgery during his captivity. Charges, Trial, and Sentencing On October 18, 2016, it was announced that Baquer and Siamak were sentenced to 10 years in prison and fined $4.8 million on charges of cooperating with the U.S. government. Tehran Islamic Revolutionary Court Judge Abolqassem Salavati, infamously known as “the Judge of Death” and “the Hanging Judge” for sentencing defendants to death or long prison terms, presided over the Namazis’ trial, which lasted only a few hours. On August 28, 2017, the Tehran Appeals Court denied Baquer and Siamak’s appeals. Furlough and Commutation of Sentence In August of 2018,