The Semantics of Word Formation and Lexicalisation In the study of word formation, the focus has often been on generating The Semantics of the form. In this book, the semantic aspect of the formation of new words is central. It is viewed from the perspectives of word formation rules and of lexicalization. Word Formation and Each chapter concentrates on a specific question about a theoretical concept or a word formation process in a particular language and adopts a theoretical framework that is appropriate to the study of this question. From general theoretical concepts of productivity and lexicalization, Lexicalization the focus moves to terminology, compounding and derivation. The theoretical frameworks that are used include Jackendoff’s Conceptual Structure, Langacker’s Cognitive Grammar, Lieber’s lexical semantic approach to word formation, Pustejovsky’s Generative Lexicon, Beard’s Lexeme-Morpheme-Base Morphology and the onomasiological approach to terminology and word formation. An extensive introduction gives a historical overview of the study of the semantics of word formation and lexicalization, explaining how the different theoretical frameworks used in the contributions relate to each other. Edited by This innovative approach to word formation and lexicalization is essential reading for scholars and advanced students in linguistics. Pius ten Hacken, formerly of Swansea University, is now Professor of Pius ten Hacken and Claire Thomas Translationswissenschaft at the Leopold-Franzens Universität, Innsbruck. Claire Thomas has recently completed her PhD in Translation at Swansea University. Cover design: Jonathan Williams www.euppublishing.com ISBN 978-0-7486-8960-6 Edited by Pius ten Hacken and Claire Thomas The Semantics of Word Formation and Lexicalization Andy Jarvis:Users:AndysiMac:Public:ANDY'S IMAC JOBS:14335 - EUP - TEN HACKEN:TEN HACKEN 9780748689606 PRINT The Semantics of Word Formation and Lexicalization Edited by Pius ten Hacken and Claire Thomas Andy Jarvis:Users:AndysiMac:Public:ANDY'S IMAC JOBS:14335 - EUP - TEN HACKEN:TEN HACKEN 9780748689606 PRINT © editorial matter and organization Pius ten Hacken and Claire Thomas, 2013 © the chapters their several authors, 2013 Edinburgh University Press Ltd 22 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9LF www.euppublishing.com Typeset in Ehrhardt by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire, and printed and bound in Great Britain by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon CR0 4YY A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 0 7486 8960 6 (hardback) ISBN 978 0 7486 8961 3 (webready PDF) The right of the contributors to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Semantics of Word Formation and Lexicalization Contents List of figures vii List of tables ix 1. Word formation, meaning and lexicalization 1 Pius ten Hacken and Claire Thomas 2. Semiproductivity and the place of word formation in grammar 28 Pius ten Hacken 3. Lexicalization in Generative Morphology and Conceptual Structure 45 Claire Thomas 4. Term formation in a special language: how do words specify scientific concepts? 66 Kaarina Pitkänen- Heikkilä 5. Nominal compounds as naming devices: a comparison of English and Polish land surveying terminology 83 Pius ten Hacken and Ewelina Kwiatek 6. Semantic and formal structure: a corpus- based study of Swedish NN compounds and their French counterparts 102 Maria Rosenberg 7. The semantics of lexical modification: meaning and meaning relations in German A+N compounds 121 Barbara Schlücker 8. Semantic transparency and anaphoric islands 140 Martin Schäfer 9. Semantic coindexation: evidence from Portuguese derivation and compounding 161 Alexandra Soares Rodrigues and Graça Rio- Torto Andy Jarvis:Users:AndysiMac:Public:ANDY'S IMAC JOBS:14335 - EUP - TEN HACKEN:TEN HACKEN 9780748689606 PRINT vi semantics of word formation and lexicalization 10. Deverbal nominalizations in English: an LMBM approach 180 Maria Bloch- Trojnar 11. Degrees of lexicalization in Ancient Greek deverbal nouns 203 Germana Olga Civilleri 12. How many factors influence the meaning of denominal and deadjectival verbs? The case of Modern Greek verbs in - (ι)άζω 225 Angeliki Efthymiou 13. Analysing en- and its Romance equivalents in Jackendoff’s Conceptual Structure 247 Jessica Forse 14. Semantics of diminutivization: evidence from Russian 266 Renáta Panocová Notes on contributors 286 Bibliography 290 Author index 309 Subject index 315 List of figures 1.1 Latin facio and conficio 2 1.2 Model of grammar adopted in LMBM 13 1.3 Distributed Morphology 16 1.4 Parallel Architecture 20 2.1 Male blackbird Turdus merula 38 3.1 Parallel Architecture 52 3.2 Representation of settlement 57 3.3 Lcp lexicalized as a single lexical item 60 3.4 The logical polysemy of settlement 60 3.5 Split lexicalization of an lcp 61 3.6 Lexicalization of motion and manner of motion in French and English 62 3.7 The projective conclusion space of settlement 64 4.1 Emi, hede, sepivä and sulkasuoninen 69 4.2 Part of the derivative table by Elias Lönnrot 70 4.3 Purje and kannus 72 4.4 Kärhi, sepivä, terälehti and verholehti 73 4.5 Lanttopäinen and silposuoninen 75 4.6 Sahalaitainen, toissahainen and vastosahainen 77 4.7 Puikea vs. vastopuikea and parilehtinen vs. toisparinen 78 4.8 Suffix - mAinen in the names of the various forms of a flower’s corolla: kellomainen, perhomainen, ruusumainen, ristimäinen 79 4.9 Päätöparinen, tasaparinen and vuoroparinen 80 5.1 Compounds in the English termbase 93 5.2 Compounds in the Polish termbase 94 5.3 Distribution of compounding types in the English termbase 95 5.4 Distribution of compounding types in the Polish termbase 95 Andy Jarvis:Users:AndysiMac:Public:ANDY'S IMAC JOBS:14335 - EUP - TEN HACKEN:TEN HACKEN 9780748689606 PRINT viii semantics of word formation and lexicalization 5.5 Compounds in each subfield of the English termbase 97 5.6 Compounds in each subfield in the Polish termbase 98 5.7 Distribution of compounding types per subfield in English 99 5.8 Distribution of compounding types per subfield in Polish 100 10.1 Derivational and spelling operations in LMBM 189 10.2 LMBM representation of deverbal nominalizations in English 191 11.1 Continuum of the semantic values of AG suffixes 204 11.2 Semantic chain of θυμός [thumós] 216 11.3 Continuum between transparent and lexicalized forms 219 12.1 The distribution of -­άζω and -­ιάζω verbs in RDMG 229 12.2 The distribution of [+/–learned] and [–learned] -( ι)άζω verbs in RDMG 229 13.1 The Tripartite Parallel Architecture 249 14.1 Complete semantic definition of deadjectival verbs in Slovak 268 14.2 Denominal diminutive nouns in Russian 273 14.3 Deverbal diminutive nouns in Russian 277 14.4 Deadjectival diminutive nouns in Russian 278 List of tables 2.1 Adjective formation with -al and -ary 36 6.1 Total number of tokens in the parallel corpus 106 6.2 Swedish NN compounds and French counterparts in the parallel corpus 106 6.3 Formal structure of the French counterparts in the parallel corpus 107 6.4 Semantic relations within the Swedish NN compounds and their French counterparts 113 8.1 Absolute occurrences of the anaphoric reference search pattern 154 8.2 Absolute frequencies of compounds in the corpus 155 8.3 Asymmetry in the absolute frequency of phrasal and compound A N constructions 157 9.1 Contextualized comparison between the argument and the lexical- conceptual structures of verbs and their deverbal nouns 163 9.2 Verbal bases and their deverbal nouns with affixes -dura, - ção and - mento 168 10.1 Countability distinctions in lexicalized deverbal nominals 185 10.2 +/− Singular and +/− Plural as operators 189 10.3 An LMBM analysis of deverbal nominalizations in English 197 12.1 Verb- forming suffixes: token frequency in printed school Modern Greek 229 12.2 The meanings of - ίζω, - (ι)άζω, - ώνω, - εύω, - αίνω, - άρω derivatives and - ποιώ formations 241 12.3 Verb forming processes 242 12.4 Token frequency in printed school MG 243 12.5 Type frequency in printed school MG 243 Andy Jarvis:Users:AndysiMac:Public:ANDY'S IMAC JOBS:14335 - EUP - TEN HACKEN:TEN HACKEN 9780748689606 PRINT x semantics of word formation and lexicalization 13.1 Variables by semantic type 259 14.1 Denominal diminutive nouns in Russian 281 14.2 Deverbal diminutive nouns in Russian 284 14.3 Deadjectival diminutive nouns in Russian 285 chapter 1 Word formation, meaning and lexicalization Pius ten Hacken and Claire Thomas ord formation is a rule-based process for producing new words. WOften, the study of word formation has been undertaken from a purely formal perspective. This book looks at how the meaning of the resulting words is determined and how they are lexicalized. It brings together new work undertaken from a variety of theoretical perspectives in order to shed new light on a subject of growing interest in linguistics, computational science, semantics and lexicography. This introductory chapter provides a broad historical overview of the field (section 1) and describes the main current approaches (section 2). Against this background, section 3 introduces each of the contributions and explains its position in the resulting theoretical map. 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND In understanding the historical development of linguistic thought in the twentieth century, it is convenient to distinguish the European tradition from the American tradition, even though Joseph (2002: 47–70) shows quite convincingly that it is hard to characterize either in a rigorous way. The main cause of the difference